English 8 Exam

• is, am, are, was, were
• be, being, been
• has, have, had
• do, does, did
• shall, will should, would
• may, might must
• can, could

• To be: you, we, they are- he/she/it is- I am
• To look/appear: i, you, look/appear- he/she/it looks/appears
• To seem:I, you seem
• To become:I, you become
• To feel:I, you feel

The part of speech that shows existence, action, or occurrence in most languages.

• Dracula bites his victums on the neck.
• We run away from Julia because she is it.
• I like to skip, it is very fun.

• The part of speech that describes or gives information (modifies) about a verb, adjective, or other adverb.
• Usually ends -ly, functions as modifiers of verbs or clauses, and also as modifiers of adjectives or other adverbs or adverbial phrases. Adverbs typically answer the question how? when? and where?

• Gracefully
• Suddenly
• Outside

Before the verb, after the verb, or even before the subject at the beginning of a sentence. Example:

• Slowly she turned. (At the beginning of the sentence)
• She slowly turned. (Before the verb)
• She turned slowly. (After the verb)

• Adverbs may even split the parts of a verb phrase:
• She had slowly been turning.
• She had been slowly turning.

not never only just already

almost often usually sometimes

• Never had Selma seen an elephant.
• Kids were outside playing.
• Davy quietly tiptoed toward the door.

Adjectives, by adding an ly to the end you get an adverb.

• Adjectives Adverbs
• They were quiet. They worked quietly.
• He is a careful listener. He listened carefully.

Many adverbs that end in ly are called adverbs of manner. That is they answer the question how? about he verb:Maggie walked slowly up the staris. How did she walk? Slowly

So if you see a word that ends in ly and it answers the question how? It's an adverb. And if the abjective ends in y- change the y to an i and then add ly.

WARNING:not all words that end in ly are adverbs. here are some that are not:Silly, Holy, Oily, Lonely

They join together elements of thought:words, phrases, and clauses.

They are the simplest kind, and they show equality of relatinship between ideas they join. There are only seven of them, and they are easy to remember by the acronym FANBOYS. A coordinating conjunctionshould always be preceded by a comma.

• Coordinating Conjunctions:For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Ex:
• Please pick me up after school, or i will have to take the bus home.
• The train was late, and Tom was tired.
• Jane had a torn hamstring, yet she still ran the marathon.

They join two ideas of the same importance.

They allow writers to show which idea is more and which is less important. The idea in the main clause is the more important ( it can stand on its own, so we call it an 'independent clause'), while the idea un the subordinate clause (made subordinate by the subordinating conjunction; it cannot stand alone and so we call it a 'dependent clause') is less important. The subordinate clause supplies a time, reason, condition, and so on for the main clause. If the dependent clause appears at the beginning of the sentence, it should be followed by a comma.

• Time:after, before, since, when, whenever, while, until, as
• Reason:because, since, so that, in order, that, why
• Concession:although, though, even though, while
• Place:where, wherever
• Condition:if, unless, until, in case, provided that, assuming that, even if
• Manner:as if, as, though, how

• Examples:
• Sally steamed the corn while Fred fried the steaks.
• After the rain stopped, the dog ran into the mud to play.
• The snowman melted because the sun came out.

• They are paired coordinating conjuctions.
• Both... And Not Only... But (Also)
• Either... Or Whether... Or
• Neither... Nor

• They describe or give information about nouns. They answer the the question 'What kind of?' or'How much?' or 'How many?'
• One apple Many flowers
• Five pounds Some food
• Both parents Several days

Is when the adjective is not placed next to the noun it modifies. Instead is comes after the auxiliary verb/ linking verb. The linking verb links the adjective with the subject of the sentence. Predicate adjectives are subject complements.

• The school is clean. (Clean modifies school)
• The flowers smell fragrant. (Fragrant modifies flowers)

• WARNING:not every adjective after a linking verb is a predicate adjective. Notice the difference between these two sentences:
• 1. Tigers are powerful.
• 2. Tigers are powerful animals.

• Sentence 1 is correct because sentence two powerful modifies animal instead of the subject tigers.

• The, an, a. Definate and indefinate. The is a definate article because it names a particular thing. But a and an are indefinate articles because they do not define a particular noun instead they name any member of a group or thing.
• An is only used when a cant be. A cant be used when the next word starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or when the next word starts with an h when the h is silent.

• Demonstratives:this that these those
• Indefinates:some many all any most each both few either neither more much several etc.
• Interrogatives:which what whose (But not who or whom)
• and there is one more that is ALWAYS used like an adjective to modify nouns:
• Possessive:my your his her its our their
• only the possesives listed above can be used as adjectves.
• Ex:
• I want some orange juice- adj.
• I want some.- pro.
• The other bottle is open- adj.
• The other is open- pro.

They are always found before the noun because they modify the noun that comes after them. They are never used as predicate adjectives.

Nouns, the noun answers the question what kind. Possesive nouns also modify other possesive nouns.

They are words that compare two persons, places, or things, or three. They end in er.

Superlative degree. The.

They do not compare two things.

a phrase modifying a word that starts with a preposition.

a noun or pronoun of some sort.

Where?

• about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at
• before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down
• ring, except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near
• of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, through, to
• toward, under, underneath, until, up, upon, with, within, without

It is the noun or pronoun that ends the perpositional phrase. It can be a noun or a personal pronoun, either way it is still the object of the preposition. (Personal Pronoun is me, him, her, us, them, etc.)