2-3 week period before the onset of jaundice, then diminishes shortly after jaundice appears
true or false. carrier state is not demonstrated with hep A.
true
what are the signs and symptoms of hep A?
preicteric (before jaundice)
icteric (during jaundice)
anicteric (no jaundice, but still have it)
icteric phase of hep A
abrupt onset of flu like symptoms in adults
jaundice is present, but rarely appears in children
preicteric phase of hep A
abrupt onset of flu-like symptoms
liver is enlarged and tender upon palpation
anicteric phase of hep A
absence of jaundice
2-3 times more prevelant than icteric
often misdiagnosed because of this
what factors influence immunity to hep A?
the anti HAV from having the disease
some get it without even knowing they had the disease
the vaccine
name 3 effective ways to prevent hep A in every day life
personal hygiene
making sure your food is cooked all the way
being extra sanitary in public health situations
name 3 effective ways of preventing hep A in the dental setting
standard precautions
sterilization
disposable material
name 6 groups of people who are at high risk for hep A
travelers
homosexual men
drug users
clotting disorders
chronic liver disease
children in low income, third world countries
how is hep B different from hep A?
mode of transportation
incubation period
onset
exisitence of chronic carrier state
true or false HBV has increased significantly during the past 20 yrs
true
name 3 modes of transportation for HBV
percutaneous (needle stick)
blood transfusion
sexual exposure
can HBV be transmitted to a fetus from the mother?
yes, during pregnancy, or at birth
infants with HBV are at high risk for chronic infection. What can this lead to?
chronic liver disorder, or cancer of the liver later in life
define risk population pertaining to HBV.
thise that have an increased pervalence of infection, increased chances, or likelihood of infection
increased presence of disease carriers
name 14 groups of people who are at a high risk for HBV
infants
IV drug users
mental institutions
hemodialysis
recipients of blood products
liver disease
male prisoners
health care personnel
contact with HBV carriers
military populations
morticians and embalmers
immigrants and refuges
sexual contact
what is the incubation period for hep B (HBV)
2-6 months
average of 60-90 days
what presents in the blood to indicate HBV communicability?
HBsAG which can be found in the blood as early as 30 days after exposure to the disease
when is HBsAG no longer detectible in the blood of pt with HBV?
after jaundice
what would make the hep B (HBV) a transient infection to a pt?
the pt would have a rapid, strong, immune response to the hep virus, and the virus would be destroyed before it was even established
describe acute type B in HBV
onset is slower than other hep viruses
cannot be distinguished on basis of clinical signs and symptoms
period of illness is longer than hep A
define a chronic carrier of HBV
an individual with the HBsAG marker in the blood serum for more than 6 months
what are the percentages of individuals who will develop chronic HBV at childhood age, after age 5, and infants
5-10 % after age 5
30 % between age 1 and 5
90% infants infected at birth
how can you detect HBV immunity?
presence of anti-HB's - this presence can be unknown due to people who have strong immune systems
or from pretesting
name 3 effective ways to prevent HBV
transmission in infancy and childhood
enforce blood bank control measures
enforce sterilization/disposable syringes and needles
describe the HBV active immunization
it is plasma derived, and has recombinant RNA
what is the most common chronic blood borne infection in the US? and has the most frequent indication for liver transplants?
Hepatitis C
what was the original name for Hep C?
hep non A, non B
how is HCV transmitted?
percutaneous
saliva
nonpercutaneous
describe the onset of hepatitis C
pt can have no clinical symptoms, or can have abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and can progress to jaundice
what happens to pt with hep C after acute infection?
50-80% will become chronically infected (carriers) and more than 70% of those will develop serious liver disease
name 13 risk factors for Hep C
severe liver disease may occur for those infected with HCV
older than 40 at infection
males
moderate-heavy alcohol intake
coinfection
blood transfusion before 1991
IV drug use
intranasal cocaine user
tattooing, ear/body piercing
perinatal
sexual
hemodialysis
organ transplantation
is there a vaccine for Hep C?
no
what is the best way to prevent hep C?
strict standard precautions
behavior modifications
careful of transmission in childhood
enforce blood banck control measures
enforce sterilization/disposable syringe and needles
What is a coinfection with HBV?
Hepatitis D
how is Hep D (delta agent) transmitted?
multiple exposures to HBV
blood and body fluids
contaminated needles
sexual
perinatal
is hep D or B more sever?
hep D
coinfection for Hep D
acute delta hepatitis occuring with acute HBV infection may lead to resolution of both types. clearance of HBV may lead to clearance of delta virus
superinfection of hep D
actue delta hepatitis is superimposed on an existing carrier HBV state. the HBV carrier state remains unchanged, and a delta carrier state may develop in addition
superimposition of hep D
chronic delta hepatitis superimposes on the chronic HBsAG carrier
