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It has an unrelated structure that are not soluble in water.
Lipids
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What are the biological functions of lipids?
- Energy source
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane and structure
- Hormones
- Vitamins
- Vitamin absorption
- Protection
- Insulation
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It is solid at room temperature that are obtained from animal sources. It has a greater proportion of saturated fatty acids
Fats
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It is liquid at room temperature that are obtain from plant sources. It has a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
Oils
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It is the most abundant lipid found in nature. Esters are composed of three fatty acid joined to the glycerol.
Triglycerides
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It is along-chain of monocarboxylic acid that generally contain even numbers of carbon atoms.
Fatty acids
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It has a straight chain structure, allowing molecules to fit close together and forming strong intermolecular attractions
Saturated fatty acids
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The structural formula for saturated fatty acid
CH3(CH2)nCOOH
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The condensed formula of Capric?
CH3(CH2)8COOH
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The condensed formula of Lauric?
CH3(CH2)10COOH
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The condensed formula of Myristic
CH3(CH2)12COOH
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The condensed formula of Palmitic
CH3(CH2)14COOH
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The condensed formula of Stearic
CH3(CH2)16COOH
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The condensed form of Arachidic
CH3(CH2)18COOH
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It contains at least one carbon-to-carbon bond that has a kinked chain structures which cannot fit close together, forming weak intermolecular attractions.
Unsaturated fatty acid
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The structural formula of unsaturated fatty acid
CH3(CH2)nCH=CH(CH2)nCOOH
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saturated fatty acid has a ____ melting point than unsaturated fatty acid
greater
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intermolecular attractions has a ___ relationship to melting point
direct
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double bond number has an ___ relationship to melting point
inverse
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carbon atom number has a ____ relationship to melting point
direct
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A fatty acid that is necessary for specific biochemical functions
Essential fatty acids
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It exhibits anti-inflammatory effect. It also help improve arterial health which is recommended to include in diet at least twice a week.
Omega-3 fatty acids
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Examples of fishes with omega-3 fatty acids
- salmon
- albacore
- tuna
- sardines
- lake trout
- mackerel
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The recommendation for omega-3 fatty acid consumption was issued by?
American Heart Association in 2002
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How does omega-3 fatty acid improve arterial health?
- decreasing blood pressure
- lessening blood clot formation
- decreasing blood TAG levels
- lessening atherosclerotic plaque growth
- reduces risk of sudden death and heart arrhythmia
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It is a precursor for the synthesis of prostacyclin that inhibits clumping of platelets and thus reduces clot formation
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
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It is one of the major fatty acid in the phospholipids of sperm, brain cells, and retina that reduces triglyceride levels.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
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It reduces the incidence of cardiovascular disease and it is not clear yet whether it acts alone or as precursor of DHA and EPA
Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
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It is an essential fatty acid that is required for the synthesis of arachidonic acid. It is a precursor of prostaglandins and an omega-6 fatty acid.
Linoleic acid
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A fatty acid that exhibits flammatory effects where diet should not exceed 4-5 times the amount of the other fatty acid
Omega-6 fatty acids
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National Institutes of Health recommended a daily intake of specific mg of omega-3 fatty acid
- 650 mg of EPA and DHA
- 2.22 mg of ALA
- 4.44 mg of linoleic acid
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The physical properties of lipids
- colorless
- tasteless
- odorless
- lighter than water
- 0.8 g/cm3
- poor conductors of heat and electricity
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Butter is yellow due to the presence of what pigment?
carotene
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The taste of butter is a result of what substance?
diacetyl and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone
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It is a chemical property where H2 is added to double bonds of unsaturated fats which convert double bond to single bond of saturated fatty acids
Hydrogenation
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what kind of product does partial hydrogenation give?
soft, semi-solid product
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what kind of product does complete hydrogenation give?
brittle product
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It is the addition of water to ester bonds of lipids of digestive enzymes called lipases that produce glycerol and three fatty acids
Hydrolysis
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It is a reaction of lipids with a strong base giving glycerol and salts of fatty acids
Saponification
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What is the base of solid soap?
NaOH
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What is the base of liquid soap?
KOH
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How does soap clean greases or oil?
Soap molecules coat the grease or oil to form micelles. Non-polar end of the soap dissolves grease and oil while the polar end attaches to water and pulls the grease and oil in the aqueous solution which can be rinsed later.
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What happens when polar carboxylate group reacts with ions in hard water?
It produces a dull coating or scum on fabrics and dishes which can only be cleaned using a detergent which consist of long non-polar hydrocarbon chains attached to a sulfate group that forms soluble calcium and magnesium.
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The double bonds of fat and oil becomes rancid when oxidized with oxygen and microorganism. The products are short-chain fatty acid and aldehydes with disagreeable odor.
Oxidation
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Why do we have body odor?
Oil accumulates on the skin. Due to high temperature and bacteria which promotes rapid oxidation as they are exposed to oxygen and water, it gives off a bad smell.
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It is the disagreeable odor that is caused by hydrolysis and oxidation.
Rancidity
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What supresses rancidity?
antioxidants
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Why does antioxidant suppresses rancidity?
Antioxidants has greater affinity to oxygen that depletes the supply of absorbed oxygen.
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It occurs under moist and warm condition where hydrolysis of ester linkage liberates volatile acids, catalyzed by lipase in microorganism found in the air
Hydrolytic rancidity
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Why is butter susceptible to rancidity?
It contains caproic and butyric which have offensive odor.
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It occurs in TAG containing unsaturated fats that produces rancid smell.
Oxidative rancidity
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It is an ester of a saturated fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol that usually contains 14 to 30 carbon atoms.
Wax
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It is found in the surface of leaves and stem that protects plants from dehydration and invasion of harmful organism
Plant waxes
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It found on the surface of feathers, skin, and hair that acts as a protective coating and keeps surfaces soft and pliable
Animal wax
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It is obtained from a honeycomb that is used in candles, shoe polish, wax paper.
Beeswax
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It is obtained from a brazilian palm tree that is used as protective coating for furniture, cars, floor, shoes
Carnauba wax
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It is obtained in jojoba bush that is used in making candles, soaps, and cosmetics
Jojoba wax
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It is a mixture of wax obtained from wool that is used in hand and facial lotion to soften the skin. It also aids in water retention.
Lanolin
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A component of a cell membrane that separates the aqueous interior of cell from the aqueous extracellular fluid that has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tail
Membrane lipids
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It is an emulsifying agent that coats droplet of non-polar liquid and holds them in suspension in water. It is also an ester of glycerol like the TAG but with a phosphate ester in place of one fatty acid ester group
Glycerophospholipids or Phosphoglycerides
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It is major component of cell membranes in humans that is source of choline in transmission of nerve signals.
It is obtained from soybean oil, an ingredient to chocobars, and emulsifies oil droplets in mayonnaise from egg yolk
Lecithin
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Other term for lecithin
phosphatidylcholines
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ethanolamine, HOCH2CH2NH2 or serine, HOCH2CH(NH2)COOH is linked to the phosphate moiety
Cephalin
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It a group of phospholipids are abundant in brain and nerve tissue and are derivatives of the amino alcohol sphingosine
Sphingolipids
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It is located throughout the body which is an important structural components of nerve cell membrane that is also found in abundance in the myelin sheaths. It also surrounds and insulates cell of the central nervous system which is essential to cerebral function and nerve transmission.
Sphingomyelin
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Contains both carbohydrate and lipid part but no phosphorus. Has a sugar at C-1 instead of a phosphate ester group. It is built on a ceramide backbone structure and has a fatty acid amide derivative of shingosine
Glycolipids
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It is characterized by the presence of a single monosaccharide head group
Cerebrosides
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Found in the membranes of macrophages
glucocerebrosides
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Found only in the brain cell membrane
galactocerebrosides
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It possess oligosaccharide groups, present in nerve endings which is important in nerve impulse transmission
Gangliosides
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It is the accumulation of specific glycosphingolipids causes numerous genetically transmitted disease due to absence enzyme for degradation. Give an example
Tay-Sach Disease
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Tay-Sach disease is characterized by
- red spot on the retina
- gradual blindness
- loss of weight
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It has carbohydrate moieties that defines human blood groups that determines the blood type for blood transfusion
Sphingolipids
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how many sphingolipids have been identified in the cell membrane?
60 different sphingolipids
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The biological membrane is composed of a?
Lipid bilayer
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Parts of a lipid bilayer
2 hydrocarbon tail and 1 ionic head
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Where is the position of hydrocarbon tails in the bilayer?
packed in the center
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Where is the position of ionic head in the bilayer?
exposed to the surface
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It provides a thin layer of nonpolar material that prevents mixing of molecules on either side and it act as a barrier between the interior and its surrounding
Nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
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It is exposed to water and highly solvated
Ionic heads
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main types of lipids in the membrane
- phospholipid and sterols
- cholesterol
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It suggest that the cell membrane consist of phospholipid molecules to form lipid bilayer.
Fluid-mosaic model
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Phospholipid is the major part of this that serves to separate interior cells from the outside and act as a semipermeable barrier that allows selective passage of nutrients
Lipid membrane
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Phospholipid is the major part of this that serves to separate interior cells from the outside and act as a semipermeable barrier that allows selective passage of nutrients
Lipid membrane
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Provides tunnels that allows ions and polar molecules to pass. It acts as a receptor for hormones, neurotransmitter (peripheral membrane protein)
Proteins
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also known as integral membrane proteins that embedded within the membrane that extends through it and exposed to inside and outside of the cell
Transmembrane
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It is a feature of the membrane lipid that is determined by the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid group in the phospholipid membrane
Membrane Fluidity
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How does unsaturated fatty acid contributes to the membrane fluidity?
It has a kink chain, resulting to a low intermolecular attraction. It is not tightly pack together.
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It regulates the membrane fluidity where it restricts motion and makes the bilayer more rigid
Cholesterol
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How does cholesterol help in the rigidity of the membrane?
Their compact shape enables the to fit between fatty acid chain where it restricts motion.
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A membrane lipid feature that provides a virtually impenetrable barrier to ionic and polar substance
Selective permeability
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How does polar substances pass through the membrane?
Polar substances must shed its hydration sphere and bind to a carrier protein for to be able to pass through the aqueous protein channel
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A membrane lipid feature that immediately and spontaneously reseal a break in lipid bilayer.
Self-sealing capability
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What substances assists in membrane sealing?
- protein membrane components
- cytoskeleton
- calcium ion
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A membrane lipid feature where each half of the bilayer is different and is expected since each side of the membrane is exposed to a different environment
Asymmetry
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It is a lipids bound to other types of molecule that is sparingly soluble in water and requires a transport system that uses plasma lipoproteins
Complex lipids
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This particles consist of a core of hydrophilic lipids that is surrounded by ampipathic proteins. phospholipid, cholesterol
Plasma Lipoprotein
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It has a density less than 0.95 g/ml and carry dietary triglycerides from the intestine to other tissues
Chylomicrons
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It has density is 0.95-1.93 g/ml that bind triglycerides synthesized in the liver and carry them to adipose and other tissue
Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
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It has a density is 1.019-1.063 g/ml that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues that regulate cholesterol level in those tissue
It is the rich in cholesterol, frequently carrying 40% of the plasma cholesterol where it accumulate
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
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It has a density is 1.063-1.210 g/ml that is bound to plasma cholesterol. It can transport cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver for removal
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
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It consist of three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane
Steroids
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The most abundant animal steroid that is esterified with fatty acid and some are found as the free alcohol
Cholesterol
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What contributes to artherosclerosis?
Cholesterol
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example of a pure cholesterol
gallstone
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functions of cholesterol
- regulator of membrane fluidity
- starting material for the synthesis of steroid
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It is the chemical messengers that mediate biochemical events in target tissues
Steroid hormones
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Male sex hormones that is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristic during puberty and tissue and muscle growth
Androgen
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It is the female sex hormones responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristic during puberty and regulation of the menstrual cycle
estrogen
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examples of estrogen
estrone and estradiol
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a sex hormone responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum during pregnancy
Progestin
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It is a synthetic steroid function by tricking the body thinking its pregnant and therefore temporarily infertile
Oral contraceptive
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It is detected in several athletes during the 1988 Olympics. It is a synthetic androgen that mimic the tissue building effect of testosterone
Anabolic steroids
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Side effects of anabolic steroids
- hypertension
- fluid retention
- increased hair growth
- sleep disorder
- acne
- liver damage
- decrease sperm production
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It is produced by the liver from cholesterol which is stored in the gall bladder and secreted into the intestine
Bile salts
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Why is bile salt called the detergent of the small intestine?
It keeps the cholesterol in solution while emulsifying fats, forming smaller fat globules that are accessible to lipase
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It is found in the oil of some plants and flower, giving them characteristic odor and color
Terpenes
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regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Vitamin D
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It is formed from cholesterol through the UV ray of the sun that leads to increased synthesis of a Ca2+ binding protein, increasing the absorption of dietary calcium
Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)
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Vitamin D3 deficiency can lead to
rickets
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What is ricket?
a condition where the bones of growing children becomes soft, resulting in skeletal deformities
-
children have higher requirement of the vitamin which can be satisfied through
milk supplements and sunlight exposure
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Fat-soluble vitamins derived from terpenes
Vitamin A, E, K
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Required for the formation of the visual pigment found in the retina of the eye
Vitamin A
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prevents oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid (antioxidants)
Vitamin E
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needed the formation of prothrombin for blood clotting
Vitamin K
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It is synthesized in the body from the 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid arichonic acid, in turn, is synthesized from linoleic acid
Eicosanoid
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It is an unsaturated carboxylic acids consisting of a 20-carbon skeleton, cyclopentane ring that is extremely potent biological molecules with hormone-like activity
Prostaglandins
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It contain three conjugated double bond and an absence of the ring
Leukotienes
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It is the most prominent member of the eicosanoid that is primarily produced by platelets that promotes platelet aggregation and smooth muscle contraction
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
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Biological processes that are regulated by Eicosanoids
- Blood clotting
- Inflammation response
- Reproductive system
- Gastrointesinal tract
- Kidneys
- Respiratory tract
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It is produced by platelets in the blood that stimulates constriction of the blood vessels and aggregation of the platelets
Thromboxane A2
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It is produced by the cells lining in the blood vessels that has precise opposite effect of thromboxane, inhibiting platelet aggregation and causes dilation of blood vessels preventing untimely production of blood clot
Prostacylin (PGI2)
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It promotes certain aspects of the inflammatory response like pain and fever
Prostaglandin
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It stimulates smooth muscle contraction particularly uterine contraction. Increase in level has been noted before the onset of labor and it used to induce second trimester abortion
PGE2
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It results from an excess of two prostaglandin
dysmenorrhea
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It inhibit the secretion of acid and increase secretion of protective mucus layer in the stomach
Prostaglandin
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It is produced in the kidney causes renal blood vessels to dilate that results in increase water and electrocyte secretion
Prostaglandin
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It promotes constriction of the bronchi associated with asthma
Leukotrienes
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It promotes bronchodilation
Prostaglandin
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What are the steps of prostaglandin synthesis?
- Release of arachidonic acid from the membrane
- Conversion of PGH2 by the enzyme cyclooxygenase
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How does aspirin works prostaglandin synthesis?
by inhibiting cyclooxygenase which catalyzes the first step leading from arachidonic to PGH2 which inactivates when acetyl group of aspirn becomes covalently bound to enzyme
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Lipid that store energy
TAG
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Lipids that make up the lipid membrane
- phospholipid
- sphingolipids
- glycolipids
- cholesterol
- leukotrienes
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Lipid that emulsifies
Bile acid
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Lipid that are messenger or regulatory
- steroid hormones
- hormonal eicosanoid
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lipid that acts as protective coating
Wax
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Saponifiable lipids
- TAG
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Sphingoglycolipids
- Waxes
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Non-saponifiable lipids
- Cholesterol
- Steroid hormones
- Bile acid
- Eicosanoid
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- Phosphoglycerides
- Glycerophospholipids
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Ganglioside of Tay-Sach disease
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