Integumentary System

Integumentary system consists of

Meaning of integument

Medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system

Functions of integumentary system

Also called as cutaneous membrane and largest organ of the body in weight

What are the major tissue layers of skin?

The most superficial layer and a layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis

It is a layer of dense connective tissue

Also called as subcutaneous membrane and is not part of the skin

It prevents water loss and resists abrasion, avascular, composed of layers called strata, and composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Types of strata

The most superficial stratum of the epidermis,
consists of dead squamous cells filled with keratin that acts as a structural strength.

The deepest strata that performs cell mitosis

Excessive sloughing of the scalp

A thickened area of skin.

A part of skin that thickened over a bony prominence

Types of cells found in the epidermis

A pigment that is yellow, red, or black-brown in color

It contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

It participates in immune responses that invade the skin and is easily damaged by UV light. It is also called intraepidermal macrophages.

The least numerous of the epidermal cells and located in the deepest layer and it has sensory neuron (nerve cell) that detect touch sensations

It is composed dense collagenous connective tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages. It is also vascular.

This structures extends to the dermis

It is responsible for the structural strength and resistance to stretch

Collagen fibers that are oriented in many directions are resistant to stretch. It is also called as tension lines.

Incision should be made ____ with the lines to gap less abd produce less scar tissue.

It is the result of overstretching of skin that damages the dermis.

It is the projection toward the epidermis found in the upper part of the dermis that contains many blood vessels.

The dermal papillae in the palm of the hands, tip of the digits, and sole of the feet shapes the overlying epidermis into _____

What are the factors that determines the skin color?

What are the primary pigments in the skin?

It is a group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.

It is a yellow pigment found in plants such as squash and carrots.

Melanin are usually what color?

Melanin provides protection against _____

Melanin is produced by what cells?

The melanin is packaged into vesicles called ______ which move into the cell processes of melanocytes.

It phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell processes, acquiring melanosomes.

Large amount of melanin in some regions form _____

Melanin production is determined by what factors?

It is responsible for the amounts of melanin produced in different races.

Racial variation in skin color are determined by?

It is the result of ultraviolet light that stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production.

A mutation that prevents the production of melanin.

It accumulates in the lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

Is carotene lipid-soluble?

A clinical problem that causes yellowish skin.

A clinical problem that causes bluish skin.

A clinical problem that causes reddish skin.

A clinical problem that causes paleness

It is called hypodermis that is not part of the skin. It attaches the skin to the underlying bone and muscles, supplying it with blood vessels and nerves

Subcutaneous tissue is composed with what tissue?

The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with ____

In the subcutaneous tissue, it functions as a padding and insulation.

Can the subcutaneous tissue be used to estimate total body fat?

In males, what is the acceptable percentage of body fat?

In females, what is the acceptable percentage of body fats?

Hair is found everywhere except what parts?

It is an invagination of the epidermis that extends deep into the dermis in which each hair arises.

Part of the hair that protrudes above the surface of the skin

A part of the hair that is below the surface

A part of the hair that is the expanded base of the root and rests on the hair papillae

It surrounds the softer center of the hair

It is the soft center of the hair

It is single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle and covers the cortex

It is an extension of the dermis that protrudes into the hair bulb and it contains blood vessels.

What stage is it when hair is formed by mitosis of epithelial cells within the hair bulb that undergoes cell division and keratinization?

What stage is it when growth stop and hair is held in the hair follicle?

What happens in the next growth stage?

How many days does eyelashes grow and rest?

How many days does hair in the scalp grow and rest?

What causes for old people to have white hair?

A smooth muscle cells that contracts and cause the hair to become perpendicular to the skin’s surface. Each of the hair follicle are attached to it.

What are the major glands in the skin?

Simple, branched acinar glands connected by a duct to the superficial part of a hair follicle.

An oily, white substance rich in lipids which produced by sebaceous glands. It lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin that prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.

Release of sebum is caused by what secretion

Also called as sudoriferous gland that releases sweat unto hair follicles or skin surface through the pores

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Simple, coiled tubular glands which is more abundant than appocrine gland and is distributed throughout the skin.

Eccrine sweat glands are not present in what areas?

Sweat produced by eccrine glands contains what substances?

What are the functions of eccrine sweat glands?

Simple, coiled, tubular glands that produce a
thick secretion rich in organic that are usually active at puberty.

What areas does apocrine sweat glands open?

The secretion generally produced by apocrine sweat glands is odorless, what causes body odor?

Modified sweat glands in the external ear that produces a waxy lubricating secretion.

A yellowish material that came from the combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands.

It provides sticky layer and waterproofs ear canal to prevent entrance of foreign bodies.

A thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contains a very hard type of keratin.

Visible part of the nail

Part of the nail that is covered by the skin

It is a stratum corneum that extends onto the nail body and the nail root extends distally from the nail matrix.

It is located distal to the nail matrix and nail attaches to it.

Part of the nail that are epithelial tissue with a stratum basale that gives rise to the cells that form the nail.

A small part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail.

What causes the nail to grow continuously?

What are the functions of nails?

It keeps sweat out of the eyes

It protects the eyes from foreign bodies

It prevents entry of dust and other materials in the nose and ear.

What usually raises body temperature?

What are the waste products released by the integumentary system?

____ houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry ____ of the total blood flow in a resting adult.

Bluish skin indicates decrease in blood oxygen

Yellowish skin indicates liver infection like viral hepatitis.

It is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation

What are the depth of burns?

It is a superficial burn that involves only the epidermis and is red and painful. Slight edema may be present. They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in about a week.

It is partial-thickness burns that damages both the epidermis and the dermis

If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include:

Mimimal second-degree burn heals for how many weeks?

If the burn goes deep into the dermis, it can take several months to heal and might scar. True or false
True False

In minimal second-degree burn, scarring is present. True or false?
True False

If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound will appear in what color?

Full-thickness burns that damages epidermis and dermis completely.

Third-degree burn wound appears in what color?

The region of third-degree burn is usually painful. True or false?
True False

In what burn degree does the epidermis, including the stratum basale where the stem cells are found, is damaged?

The epidermis regenerates from epithelial tissue in ___ and ___, as well as from the ___ of the wound.

It is a procedure where the epidermis and part of the dermis are removed from another part of the body and placed over the burn

It is the most common cancer that is mainly caused by UV light exposure where fair-skinned people more prone to this. It can be prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens.

A sun ray cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas.

A sun ray that cause sunburns

A type of cancer where cells in stratum basale is affected and it can be removed by surgery

A type of cancer where cells above stratum basale is affected and it can cause death.

A type of cancer which arises from melanocytes in a mole that can cause death but somehow is rare in occurrence.

Why does old people has wrinkles and saggy skin?

In old people, what causes them to have a thinner skin?

In old people, why is it that they find it hard to regulate their body temperature?