The branch of medicine that deals with the problems of musculoskeletal system
Orthopedic
The study of bone
Osteology
Skeletal System Functions
1. Support
2. Protect
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood cell production
6. Triglyceride storage
Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all _________.
connective tissues
Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all connective tissues. Their characteristics are largely determined by the composition of their_______.
A rare inherited gene disorder caused by faulty genes which results to poor or little productions of collagen which results to decreased flexibility and brokes bone easily.
Osteognenesis Imperfecte or Brittle bone disease
The extracellular matrix of cartilage contains _____ and proteoglycans
collagen and proteoglycans
_______ makes cartilage tough, whereas the water-filled ______ make it smooth and resilient.
Collagen; proteoglycans
____ is relatively rigid, but it springs back to its original shape after being bent or slightly compressed. It is an excellent shock absorber
Cartilage
The bone stem cells are able to differentiate into other cells.
Osteoprogenitor
It is responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.
Osteoblasts
These are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.
Osteocytes
It contributes to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone
Osteoclasts
______ are longer than they are wide; examples are upper and lower limb bones.
Long bones
____ are approximately wide as they are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.
Short bones
They have a relatively thin, flattened shape; examples are bones of the skull and sternum.
Flat bones
It include the vertebrae and facial bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily into the other three categories.
Irregular bones
A part of the long bone known as shaft or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone. It is a compact bone tissue
Diaphysis
A part of the long bone where it is the proximal and distal ends of the bone. Has spongy bone tissue.
Epiphysis
The regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. It contains an epiphyseal (growth) plate a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length.
Metaphysis
A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. It reduces friction and absorbs shock.
Articular cartilage
It is composed of an outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue and an inner osteogenic layer. Layers are consisting of blood vessels and nerves
Periosteum
A hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels. It minimizes the weight of the bone.
Medullary cavity/marrow cavity
soft tissue
Marrow
The location of blood forming cells.
Red marrow
Yellow marrow is mostly _____.
fat
mature bone
Lamellar bone
Are thin, concentric sheets or layers found in lamellar bone
Lamellae
Bone can be classified according to the amount of _____ relative to the amount of space within the bone.
bone matrix
True or False? Spongy bone has more bone matrix and more space than compact bone, which has less bone matrix and less space?
False
The interconnecting rods or plates of bone in the spongy bone.
Trabeculae
Small tunnels called ______ radiate between lacunae across the lamellae. It connect osteocytes to one another, transport nutrients and remove waste.
canaliculi
A process that starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes. It occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue.
Intramembranous ossification
A process that starts with a cartilage model. The cartilage model is replaced by bone.
Endochondral ossification
________ , which is bone formation in the diaphysis of a long bone.
primary ossification center
A _______ is bone formation in the epiphysis.
secondary ossification center
_____ occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
Bone growth
As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter.
Appositional Growth
Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in the ______.
epiphyseal plate
______ increase in number on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
Chondrocytes
Broken bone causes bleeding and a blood clot forms.
Hematoma formation
Which is a fibrous network between and around the bone fragments.
Callus formation
Woven, spongy bone replaces the callus.
Callus ossification
Compact bone replaces the spongy bone.
Bone remodeling
any disruption in the continuity of bone.
Fracture
It involves removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. Changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium ion regulation
BONE REMODELING
Bone is a major storage site for ____.
calcium
Calcium moves into bone as _____ build new bone
osteoblasts
Calcium move out of bone as _____ break down bone
osteoclasts
____ is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol (Vit. D3) and calcitonin
Calcium homeostasis
Secreted by the parathyroid gland. Increases formation and activation of osteoclasts, the principal bone-reabsorbing cells
PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
Secreted from C cells in the thyroid gland when blood Ca2+ levels are too high. Rapidly lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity
CALCITONIN
A person who has had their thyroid removed may have low levels of __________ and thus __________ blood calcium levels without replacement treatment.
A. calcitonin; slightly higher
The average adult has ___ bones.
206
Bones are segregated into the ___ skeleton and the _____ skeleton.
axial and the appendicular
It consists of the bones of the skull, the auditory ossicles, the hyoid bone, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.
axial skeleton
The ____ consists of the bones of the upper limbs, the lower limbs, and the two girdles.
appendicular skeleton
refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body.
Girdle
The two zones or girdles are the ____ and the ____.
pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle
The skull has ____ bones divided into those of the braincase and those of the face.
22
The braincase, which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of ___ bones that immediately surround and protect the brain.
8
The bony structure of the face has ____ facial bones.
14
____ of the facial bones are rather solidly connected to form the bulk of the face.
Thirteen
forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull.
mandible
There are also three ____ ossicles in each middle ear (six total).
auditory
These are cranial bones are connected by immovable joints.
Sutures
The four principal sutures:
coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous
The 8 Cranial bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Temporal bones (2)
Occipital bones
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
A type of facial bone;
Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits
Maxillary sinus
Maxillae
A type of facial bone;
Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity
Palatine bones
A type of facial bone;
Cheek bones
Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit
Zygomatic bones
A type of facial bone;
Medial surfaces of eye orbits
Lacrimal bones
A type of facial bone;
Form bridge of nose
Nasal bones
A type of facial bone;
In midline of nasal cavity
Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone
Vomer
A type of facial bone;
Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity
Inferior nasal conchae
A type of facial bone;
Lower jawbone
Only movable skull bone
Mandible
Several of the bones associated with the nasal cavity have large cavities within them.
Paranasal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses composed of ?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
The ___ bone is an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones. The only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.
hyoid
The ______, or spine, is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.
vertebral column
In adults, the vertebral column usually consists of ___ individual bones, grouped into ___ regions.
26 individual bones ; 5 regions
The adult vertebral column has ____ major curvatures
four
Functions of Vertebral Column
1. Supports body weight
2. Protects the spinal cord
3. Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
4. Provides a site for muscle attachment
5. Provides movement of the head and trunk
It protects vital organs and has 12 pair of ribs.
THORACIC CAGE
Bones of the Pectoral Girdle
Scapula and Clavicle
UPPER LIMB BONES
Humerus:
upper limb
Ulna:
forearm
Radius:
forearm
Carpals:
wrist
Metacarpals:
hand
Where lower limbs attach to the body
PELVIC GIRDLE
LOWER LIMB BONES
Femur:
thigh
Patella:
knee cap
Tibia:
large lower leg
Fibula:
small lower leg
Tarsals:
ankle
Metatarsals:
foot
Phalanges:
toes and fingers
Are where two bones come together.
Articulations (joints)
Joints can be classified structurally as ____, ____, or ____, according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present.
fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
Joints are also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as _____, ______, or ______.
synarthroses, amphiarthroses, or diarthroses.
This joint is united by fibrous connective tissue.
Subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses
Fibrous joint
This joint is united by means of cartilage.
Subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis.
Cartilaginous joint
This joint is joined by a fluid cavity.
Most joints of the appendicular skeleton.
Synovial joint
Functional Classification of Joints:
non-movable joint
Example – skull bone articulations
Synarthrosis
Functional Classification of Joints:
slightly movable joint
Example - between vertebrae
Amphiarthrosis
Functional Classification of Joints:
freely movable joint
Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations
Diarthrosis
Types of Movement
Flexion: bending
Extension: straightening
Abduction: movement away from midline
Adduction: movement toward the midline
Pronation: rotation of the forearm with palms down
Supination: rotation of the forearm with palms up
Rotation: movement of a structure about the long axis
Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints