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Where in Timbergen's table do Hormones and Neurobiology belong?
Proximate - Causation (mechanism)
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What is a hormone
A chemical messenger that can affect distant organs
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Types of hormones
- Steroid hormones
- Monoamines
- Peptide hormones
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Hormones are made in the
Endocrine system
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Key components of the endocrine system
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
- Testes/Ovaries
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Example of a negative feedback system
Female menstrual cycle (most of the time)
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Example of positive feedback system
Labour induction
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Key hormones in labour induction
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Sexual differentiation
Developmental process that produces sex differences in morphology and behaviour
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Organizational effects are (timespan)
Permanent
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Activational effects are (timespan)
Transient
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Of organizational, or activational effects. Which act in early life?
Organizational
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In voles, more vasopressin receptors is associated with
- Monogamy
- Parental care
- Mate guarding
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Precocious development
Maturing early
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Which hormone causes precocious development in bees
Juvenile Hormone III (JHIII)
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What external stimulus causes precocious development in bees
Social environment (worker-worker interactions)
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Hormone released in male Zebra finches who are exposed to females
Estradiol
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Behaviours associated with testosterone
- Territorial behaviour
- Aggression
- Song (songbirds)
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What are neurotransmitters
"Short range" chemical messengers, produced and stores in synaptic vesicles
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Ways a neurotransmitter can influence a neuron
- Excitatory
- Inhibitory
- Modulatory
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Three key neurotransmitters
- Glutamate
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
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Uses of mechanoreceptors
- Sense touch
- Sense sound
- Sense movement
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Key components of the central nervous system
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Three major areas in the brain
- Cerebrum
- Medulla
- Cerebellum
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Which kind of memory does the hippocampus deal with?
Spatial
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Three key requisites for controlling behaviours
- Prioritizing behaviours
- Organizing behaviours
- Terminating behaviours
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Praying mantis brain analog(s)
Ganglions
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How do praying mantises control behaviour
- Local ganglions control each body segment
- The protocerebral ganglion can inhibit local ganglions to coordinate everything
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Which moth hearing sensor detects ultrasound?
A1
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How do moths orient themselves away from bats?
Turn until the neural activity from the left and right A1 receptors is the same
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How do sea slugs escape danger?
Alternating pulses of the dorsal and flexion neurons cause the sea slug to move it's muscles to "swim" away
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Stimulus filtering
Ability of neurons to filter out irrelevant information
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Cortical magnification
- Larger areas of the brain being associated with more sensitive regions in the body
- Results in interesting diagrams
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What is the cochlea
Membrane, in vertebrates, that resonates in response to sound
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Cells in the retinal layers
- Rods and Cones
- Bipolar neurons
- Ganglion cells
- Optic nerve fibre(s)
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Which are more sensitive, rod or cone cells?
Rods, they are used for low-light vision
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How do photopigments respond to light?
They isomerize (cis to trans)
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Characteristics of compound eyes
- Good at seeing movement
- Can see polarity
- Poor resolution
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The segments of a compound eye are called
Ommatidia
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The surface of omatidia are called
Facets
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Characteristics of cephalopod eyes
- No colour vision
- Moveable lens
- No blindspot
- Independent rotational eye movement
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