Tissue Level

a group of cells with similar structures and functions, plus the extracellular substances surrounding them

the microscopic study of tissues

the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purpose

an examination of the organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease.

Types of tissues

covers and protects surfaces, whether inside or outside of the body

characteristics of epithelium

functions of epithelium

Cell layers

consists of a single layer of cells and extends from the basement membrane to the free surface

consists of more than one layer of cells and only the basal layer attaches attach to the deepest layer to the basement membrane

a special type of simple epithelium that appears to be falsely stratified and it consists of one layer of cells that are attached to the basement membrane

Cell shapes

flat or scale-like

cube-shaped and about as wide as they are tall

column-like and tends to be taller than they are wide

some substances can easily pass to the layer

carries out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion and has greater secretory capacity than the simple squamous epithelium

the layer enables them to perform complex functions

secretes mucus that covers free surfaces

forms a thick epithelium that consists of several layers of cells

types of stratified squamous epithelia

outer layer of the skin and reduces the loss of water from the body

provides protection against abrasion and water can move across it more readily

consists of more than one layer of cuboidal epithelial cells that are relatively rare and functions in absorption and secretion

a special type of stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched and protects underlying structures from the caustic effects of urine in urinary bladder

most of the epithelium that are not in contact with other cells and faces away from underlying tissues

consist of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product called secretion that is composed 
primarily of epithelium with a supporting network of connective tissue

contains protein molecules in aqueous fluid

Types of glands

ductless glands and secretions exit directly into the blood vessels that weave through the glands

glands with ducts and secretion exits through the ducts to the epithelial surface

it secretes mucus like goblet cells

single, non-branched ducts

multiple, branched ducts

most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body

characteristics of connective tissue

functions of connective tissues

specialized cells of the various connective tissues produces extracellular matrix

creates the matrix

existing cells

breakdown for remodelling

structure is responsible for the functional characteristics of connective tissues

components of cellular matrix

consists of non-fibrous protein and other molecules

resembles microscopic ropes and very flexible but resist stretching

very fine, short collagen fibers that branches to form a supporting network

has the ability to return to their original shape and has an elastic quality

classifications of connective tissue

a large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles that fills nearly all the extracellular space

has an extracellular matrix and consist mostly of collagen fibers

same direction

multiple direction

has abundant elastic fiber that allows tissue to stretch and recoil

consists of few protein fibers and it forms a lacy network with spaces filled with ground substances and fluids

consists of collagen fibers and few elastic fibers

contains large amount of lipid for energy storage that protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue

collagen in the matrix gives flexibility and strength and is resilient because the proteoglycans of the matrix trap water

the most abundant type and covers the end of the bones

able to withstand compression and resists tearing or pulling

contains elastic fibers, collagen, and proteoglycans

supports and protects thru the strength and rigidity of the mineralized matrix

has spaces between trabeculae (plates of bones)

almost no space between thin layers of mineralized matrix

a liquid connective tissue

contains liquid matrix which is and plasma and functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste, hormones, and other substances

functions to contract or shorten for movement

muscle contraction results from

muscle attaches to the skeleton, enabling body movemen

muscle of the heart

forms the wall of hollow organs and functions on moving food through digestive juices, emptying urinary bladder

responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities and are composed of neurons and support cells, termed as glial cells

responsible for conducting action potentials and composed of a body, dendrites, an axon

a thin sheet or layer of tissues that covers a structure or lines a cavity

Types of tissue membrane

line cavities that doesn’t open to the exterior of the body and composed layer of simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane

line cavities that opens to the exterior of the body and functions on protection, absorption, and secretion

external body surface membrane

allows smooth movement within the joints and are made up of modified connective tissue cells

a beneficial process occurring when tissues are damaged

Stages of tissue inflammation

Symptoms of tissue inflammation

involves substitution of dead cells

Types of tissue repair

new cells are the same of those who were destroyed and cell functions are restored

new type of cells are developed and it causes scar production that loses some of the tissue’s function