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Euglenoids
- 1-4 flagella
- Cell wall made of thib protein strip called pellicles wrap over cell membrane
- Heterotrophic in absence of light
- Have an eyespot that permits the abiliry to move in response to light (phototaxis)
- Kingdom Protista. Domain Eukarya
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Dinoflagellates
- Have 2 flagella.1 posterior and 2nd is transverse
- Bioluminescent
- Produce nerve toxins that concentrstr in fikter feeding shellfish which cause illness in humans when eaten
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Diatoms
- Have tests (shells)
- Shell consists of silica (SiO2)
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Brown algae
- Multicellular and have flagellate sperm cells
- Giant seaweed or kelp
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Rhodophyta
- Red algae
- Contain phycobilins- red accessry pigment
- Multicellular and their gametes do not have flagella
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Chlorophyta
- Green algae
- Both chlorophyll a and b
- Have cellulose cell wall
- Store carbohydrates as starch
- Isogamous-egg and sperm are motile and equal in size
- Ansiogamous-sperm and eg differ in size
- Oogamous-large egg remains with parent and fertilzed by a motile sperm
- Believe to be ancestors of plants
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Protozoa
- Animal likd protists
- Heterotrophs
- Consume living things or dead organic matter
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Rhizopodia
- Protozoa
- Amoeba that move by extensions of their cell body called pseudopodia
- Pseudopodia encircle food and absorb by phagocytosis
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Foraminifera
- Foram
- Protozoa
- Have tests made of calcium carbonate
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Apicomplexans
- Protozoa
- Parasites of animals
- Apical complex-conplex of organelles located at the end of the cell
- No mean of motility
- Form spores which are dispersed by one or more hosts thay participatr ib the completion of theit life cycles
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Ciliates
- Protozoa
- Distinguished by their cilia which is used for moving
- Have a mouth,anal pore,contractile vacuole,two nuclei, and other features
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
- Paramecium
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Fungus like
Protisys that resemble fungi because they form either filaments or spore bearing bodies similar to the fungi
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Cellular slime mold
- Both fungus like and protozoalike characteristics
- Spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria
- When food source is depleted amoebas aggregate into a single unit which migrates into a slug. The cells then form a stalk woth a capsule at the top similar to spore bearing fungi.spores are released and then repeat the cycle when they germinate
- Stimulus for aggregation is cAMP which is secreted by amoebas that experience food deprivation
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Plasmodial slime mold
- Fungus like
- Grow as a single spreading mass feeding on vegetation
- Food unavailable or when the environment dries up..stalks bearing capdules form
- Haplod spores are released from the capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells which fuse to form a diploid cell.
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Oomycota
- Fungus like.Water mold,downy mildee,white rust.Parasites or saprobes
- Form filaments (hyphae) which secrete enzymes thay digest the surrounding substances. Lack septa or cross walls
- Considered coenocytic which is containing manh nuclei within a single cell
- Cell wall of oonmycota are made of cellulose
- Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
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Kingdom Fungi
- fungi grow as filaments called hyphae
- a mass of hyphae is called mycelium
- some fungi have septa or cross walls which divide the filament into compartments containing a single nucleus
- when filaments lack septa, they are multinucleate or coenocytic
- cell walls of fungi consist of chitin a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
- fungi are either parasites or saprobes, absorbing the breakdown products from the action of digestive enzymes that they secrete
- parasitic hyphae called haustoria that penetrate host
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Plasmogamy
- fusing of cells from two different fungi strains to produce a single cell with nuclei from both strains
- a pair of haploid nuclei, one from each strain, is called a dikaryon
- a hypha containing a dikaryon is called dikaryotic hypha
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Karyogamy
fusing of the two haplod nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus
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Meiosis
- diploid nucleus restores the haploid condition
- daughter cells develop into haploid spores, which germinate and form haploid hyphae
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Sexual reproduction of Fungi
- 1.Plasmogamy
- 2.Karyogamy
- 3.Meiosis
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fungi asexual reproduction
- fragmentation-breaking up of hyphae
- budding-pinching off of a small hyphal outgrowth
- asexual spores: Sporangiospores and Conidia
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Sporangiospores
produce in saclike capsules called sporangia that are each borne on a stalk called sporangiophore
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Conidia
- formed at the tips of specializzed hyphae not enclosed inside sacs
- hyphae bearing conidia are called conidiophores
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zygomycota
- lack septa except when filaments border reproductive filaments
- reproduce sexually by fusion of hyphae from different strains followed by plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
- haploid zygospores are produced which germinate into new hyphae
- ex. bread mold
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glomeromycota
- lack septa but do not produce zygospores
- they are a small group of fungi that occur only in mutualistic associations with roots of plants
- fungus-root relationships, mycorrhizae, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus increases the ability of the plant roots to absorb nutrients especially phosphorus
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ascomycota
- have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ascospores
- after plasmogamy of hyphae from unlike strains a dikaryotic hypha produces more filaments by mitosis
- karyogamy and meiosis subsequently occur in terminal hyphal cells producing four haploid cells
- 4 cells divide by mitosis to produce 8 haploid ascospores in a sac called an ascus
- asci are grouped together into a specialized fruiting boy the ascocarp
- ex. yeasts, powdry mildews, and truffles
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basidiomycota
- have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid basidiospores
- plasmogamy between two unlike hyphae is followed by mitosis and the growth of dikaryotic hyphae to form a fruiting body called a basidiocap
- karyogamy occus in terminal hyphal cells called basidia followed by meiosis and production of 4 haploid basidiospores
- ex. mushroom
- Kingdom Fungi
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Deuteromycota
- imperfect fungi
- an artificial group comprising fungi for which no sexual reproductive cycle
- Penicillium
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Lichens
- mutualistic association between fungi and algae
- algae which is usually chlorophyta or cyanobacteria provides sugar from photosynthesis
- nitrogen compounds are also provided if the algae is nitrogen fixing
- fungi produce pigments that shield algae from UV radiation or excess light, or toxic substances that discourage algae consumption by grazers
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