Bio1 (1).txt

• 1-4 flagella
• Cell wall made of thib protein strip called pellicles wrap over cell membrane
• Heterotrophic in absence of light
• Have an eyespot that permits the abiliry to move in response to light (phototaxis)
• Kingdom Protista. Domain Eukarya

• Have 2 flagella.1 posterior and 2nd is transverse
• Bioluminescent
• Produce nerve toxins that concentrstr in fikter feeding shellfish which cause illness in humans when eaten
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Have tests (shells)
• Shell consists of silica (SiO2)
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Multicellular and have flagellate sperm cells
• Giant seaweed or kelp
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Red algae
• Contain phycobilins- red accessry pigment
• Multicellular and their gametes do not have flagella
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Green algae
• Both chlorophyll a and b
• Have cellulose cell wall
• Store carbohydrates as starch
• Isogamous-egg and sperm are motile and equal in size
• Ansiogamous-sperm and eg differ in size
• Oogamous-large egg remains with parent and fertilzed by a motile sperm
• Believe to be ancestors of plants
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Animal likd protists
• Heterotrophs
• Consume living things or dead organic matter

• Protozoa
• Amoeba that move by extensions of their cell body called pseudopodia
• Pseudopodia encircle food and absorb by phagocytosis
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Foram
• Protozoa
• Have tests made of calcium carbonate
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Protozoa
• Parasites of animals
• Apical complex-conplex of organelles located at the end of the cell
• No mean of motility
• Form spores which are dispersed by one or more hosts thay participatr ib the completion of theit life cycles
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Protozoa
• Distinguished by their cilia which is used for moving
• Have a mouth,anal pore,contractile vacuole,two nuclei, and other features
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya
• Paramecium

Protisys that resemble fungi because they form either filaments or spore bearing bodies similar to the fungi

• Both fungus like and protozoalike characteristics
• Spores germinate into amoebas which feed on bacteria
• When food source is depleted amoebas aggregate into a single unit which migrates into a slug. The cells then form a stalk woth a capsule at the top similar to spore bearing fungi.spores are released and then repeat the cycle when they germinate
• Stimulus for aggregation is cAMP which is secreted by amoebas that experience food deprivation
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Fungus like
• Grow as a single spreading mass feeding on vegetation
• Food unavailable or when the environment dries up..stalks bearing capdules form
• Haplod spores are released from the capsule germinate into haploid amoeboid or flagellated cells which fuse to form a diploid cell.
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• Fungus like.Water mold,downy mildee,white rust.Parasites or saprobes
• Form filaments (hyphae) which secrete enzymes thay digest the surrounding substances. Lack septa or cross walls
• Considered coenocytic which is containing manh nuclei within a single cell
• Cell wall of oonmycota are made of cellulose
• Kingdom protista.domain eukarya

• fungi grow as filaments called hyphae
• a mass of hyphae is called mycelium
• some fungi have septa or cross walls which divide the filament into compartments containing a single nucleus
• when filaments lack septa, they are multinucleate or coenocytic
• cell walls of fungi consist of chitin a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide
• fungi are either parasites or saprobes, absorbing the breakdown products from the action of digestive enzymes that they secrete
• parasitic hyphae called haustoria that penetrate host

• fusing of cells from two different fungi strains to produce a single cell with nuclei from both strains
• a pair of haploid nuclei, one from each strain, is called a dikaryon
• a hypha containing a dikaryon is called dikaryotic hypha

fusing of the two haplod nuclei of a dikaryon to form a single diploid nucleus

• diploid nucleus restores the haploid condition
• daughter cells develop into haploid spores, which germinate and form haploid hyphae

• 1.Plasmogamy
• 2.Karyogamy
• 3.Meiosis

• fragmentation-breaking up of hyphae
• budding-pinching off of a small hyphal outgrowth
• asexual spores: Sporangiospores and Conidia

produce in saclike capsules called sporangia that are each borne on a stalk called sporangiophore

• formed at the tips of specializzed hyphae not enclosed inside sacs
• hyphae bearing conidia are called conidiophores

• lack septa except when filaments border reproductive filaments
• reproduce sexually by fusion of hyphae from different strains followed by plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis
• haploid zygospores are produced which germinate into new hyphae
• ex. bread mold

• lack septa but do not produce zygospores
• they are a small group of fungi that occur only in mutualistic associations with roots of plants
• fungus-root relationships, mycorrhizae, the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus increases the ability of the plant roots to absorb nutrients especially phosphorus

• have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid ascospores
• after plasmogamy of hyphae from unlike strains a dikaryotic hypha produces more filaments by mitosis
• karyogamy and meiosis subsequently occur in terminal hyphal cells producing four haploid cells
• 4 cells divide by mitosis to produce 8 haploid ascospores in a sac called an ascus
• asci are grouped together into a specialized fruiting boy the ascocarp
• ex. yeasts, powdry mildews, and truffles

• have septa and reproduce sexually by producing haploid basidiospores
• plasmogamy between two unlike hyphae is followed by mitosis and the growth of dikaryotic hyphae to form a fruiting body called a basidiocap
• karyogamy occus in terminal hyphal cells called basidia followed by meiosis and production of 4 haploid basidiospores
• ex. mushroom
• Kingdom Fungi

• imperfect fungi
• an artificial group comprising fungi for which no sexual reproductive cycle
• Penicillium

• mutualistic association between fungi and algae
• algae which is usually chlorophyta or cyanobacteria provides sugar from photosynthesis
• nitrogen compounds are also provided if the algae is nitrogen fixing
• fungi produce pigments that shield algae from UV radiation or excess light, or toxic substances that discourage algae consumption by grazers