Biochemistry- Carbs and Cell

Contain digestive enzymes which catalyze the breakdown of cellular molecules

Powerhouse of the cell

Packed with ribosomes, are active centers of proteins and RNA biosynthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Main center of biosynthesis of nucleic acids

Composed of lipids that governs the entry and exit from the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Abnormaity due to overproduction of purines leading to excessive uric production

Intracellular fluid; contains dissolved proteins and nutrients

Absorption of extracellular substances

The one that synthesizes the Proteins

Protein synthesis and transport

Synthesis and packaging of secretions, and cell membrane

Movement of materials

Prokaryotic Cell

Found in plants and animals, and has a true nucleus

Simplest carbohydrates

A monosaccharide with three carbon atoms

Latin word for Saccharide/ Sugar

White light

Examples of Carbohydrates

Oxidation of an aldehyde group yields

The simplest carbohydrate having three carbon atoms

Is the sugar found in ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribose in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA

Glucose is also known as

consist of only one type of monosaccharide repeating units

The two glucose units are linked by an α–1,4–glycosidic bond.

Compounds that rotate plane-polarized light in a clockwise direction

A process in which glucose is oxidized in a series of metabolic reactions

A monosaccharide with an aldehyde group

An equimolar mixture of D–glucose and D–fructose

Obtained by partial hydrolysis of cellulose

Galactocemia

Disease caused by Hyperglycemia

Chiral Carbon

Anomers

General name of the formation of acetals or ketals

Improves the shelf life of candy because it helps prevent moisture loss

Obtained from the hydrolysis of starch

The series of (a) D-aldoses and (b) D-ketoses having from three to six carbon atoms, shown as

Derivatives that are formed by    nthe general reaction between alcohols and aldehydes or ketones

Sucrose

disaccharides consist of two monosaccharides joined through an

Is caused by overproduction of Insulin in the Pancreas

Was the first to see a relationship between the structure of a compound and the effect of that compound on plane-polarized light.

Six-membered ring compounds

Oxidation of both the aldehyde and terminal –CH2OH gives

is the principal sugar in the milk of most mammals.

does not occur free in nature

Enantiomers

When Anomeric Carbon OH is up what does it impose?

When there is an anomeric carbon OH in a chair formation what does it impose?

How many chiral carbons are there in Glucose?

Enumerate all Aldohexose

Enumerate all ketohexose

Enumerate all Aldotetrose

Enumerate all aldopentose

Enumerate all ketotetrose

Enumerate all ketopentose

Classify Tagatose and Erythrose According to the carbonyl group and number of C atoms

Oxidation of a terminal –CH2OH group (but not the aldehyde group) yields

Is the process in which the ring structure (hemiacetal) of α- or β-D-glucose forms an open chain and then closes again as the hemiacetal reforms.

The product of the reaction between a hemiacetal and an alcohol

Two stereoisomers that differ in the arrangement of groups on a single asymmetric carbon atom

Stereoisomers

What is Chiral Molecule?

sweetest of all carbohydrates, twice as sweet as glucose, also called levulose

3 Important Monosaccharides

Substances rotate plane-polarized light in a counterclockwise direction.

Ketose

Is a polymer of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscle of animals

Is a straight chain polymer of D-glucose molecules (250–4000) connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Heteropolysaccharide

Stereochemistry

Polarimeter

Is a common digestive problem where the body is unable to digest lactose, a type of sugar mainly found in milk and dairy products.

found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey

Normal blood glucose concentration

Enzyme devoid in humans that is used to convert cellulose into glucose

What amino sugar is thought to stimulate the production of collage?

A polymer of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucosamine; an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clotting in an open heart surgery.

An equimolar
mixture of D–glucose and D–fructose

is a branched-chain polysaccharide where the glucose molecules are connected by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds. However, at about every 25 glucose units there is a new branch of molecules connected to what?

– structural polysaccharide in insect skeletons and shells of crabs and lobsters and also
in the cell walls of most fungi and many algae

-structural polysaccharide in red seaweeds
– used in the preparation of chocolate drinks to hold cocoa particles in suspension

structural polysaccharide of brown algae and kelp
– industrial uses are as thickener, emulsifier, stabilizer and as hydrophilic agents in
medical and cosmetic ointment bases

are a second important group of monosaccharide derivatives

is bonded to hydrophobic molecules, such as steroids, to increase
their solubility in water.

Heteropolysaccharides are often referred to as

includes all plant material that is not digestible by humans, including
cellulose

The combination of photosynthesis and respiration is