chemistry checkpoint

• -reactivity increases going down the group
• -melting and boiling point decrease going down the group
• - density increases going down the group  except potassium

• neutron 1 
• proton 1
• electron 0

• carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas 
• carbon is a solid
• oxygen is a colourless gas

no

compounds of metal, sulfur and oxygen

alkaline

compounds of metals oxygen and hydrogen

CaCO3

SO4

OH

making furnaces due to having a high melting point

• by adding the prefixes 
• mono
• di
• tri
• tetra
• penta
• hexa
• hepta
• octa
• nona
• deca

metal+nonmetal-ate

metal+ nonmetal-ide

SiO2

on the atom's orbitals

number of protons + neutrons

to control fungus on fruit crops

compounds of metal oxygen and carbon

• building material
• making cement

yes

concentration difference between 2 areas?

helps body's defense mechanism

• sedimentary rocks
• pottery and bricks

canceling out an acid with an alkali or vice versa

in railway basalt

to make cutting tools

to make pencils

2 or more atoms physically joined together

pure substance made of 1 type of particle and can't be broken into anything simpler

• the higher the temperature the stronger the gas pressure
• the bigger the volume the weaker the gas pressure

• temperature 
• size

simple distillation

a solution is heated until the solvent evaporates then the vapour enters the condenser were the the vapour is cooled and condensed and pure water is collected in the  beaker while the crystals remain in the initial flask

filtration

2 or more atoms of different elements chemically joined together

velocity of particles reacting (colliding frequently-strongly) together

• increase surface area
• increase concentration
• add a catalyst
• increase temperature

• Group 1
• they only have 1 valence electron to lose

Alkali metals

• Li  (LITHIUM)
• Na (SODIUM)
• K (POTASSIUM)
• Rb (RUBIDIUM)
• Cs (CESIUM)
• Fr (FRANCIUM)

• softer 
• less dense (can float)

• under oil 
• to prevent them from reacting with the surrounding atmosphere

• group 7 
• they only have 1 valence electron to gain

Halogens

• F (FLOURINE)
• Cl (CHLORINE)
• Br (BROMINE)
• I (IODINE)
• At (ASTATINE)

• -reactivity decreases going down the group
• -melting and boiling point increase going down the group
• -density increases going down the group

• F, Cl= solid
• Br= liquid
• I ,At= gas

when a free more reactive metal displaces a combined less reactive metal

releases heat and energy

gains heat or energy

• freezing
• condensation
• neutralization
• deposition
• burning fuels and oils
• respiration

• photosynthesis
• melting 
• evaporation/boiling
• sublimation

the number of electrons on the last orbit

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

metal oxide

salt + hydrogen

salt + water +  carbon dioxide

salt + water

salt + water

chloride

HCL

sulfate

H2SO4

HNO3

nitrate

a chemical that changes colour apon being added to acids or alkalis

• methyl orange (red    yellow)
• litmus             (red    blue)
• phph               (colourless    pink)
• ph  (red-orange- yellow / green / blue-purple- violet)

they are arranged in rows to slide over each other

• 1- weathering (rocks are broken into small sediments )
• 2- transportation (due to gravity- water- wind sediments move
• 3- deposition (sediments settle down)
• 4- compaction(due to their weight sediments stick together 
• cementation (due to minerals they stick together)

number of protons

• gas 
• (Br liquid)
• (C,P, S = solid)

• magma is underground
• lava is above ground

due to the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

how they are formed

• quartz is made of only one type of mineral
• granite is made of several minerals

naturally existing substance

• nitric acid
• sulfuric acid
• hydrochloric acid

the factor we measure

• bittertaste
• slippery/soapy
• corrosiv

making sculptures

atom of the same element with same number of proton and different number of neutrons

make a squeezing POP sound at the presence of hydrogen

killing bacteria

large

• sedimentary
• building materials

building block of an  element

• 0-6 acidic
• 7 neutral
• 8-14 alkaline

helps body's defense meachanism

can be pulled into wires

• graphite (layered particles, soft, good conductor of electricity)
• diamond (crystal arranged particles, good conductor of heat, hard)

• nickel 
• iron 
• cobalt
• steel

preserving pickles and veggies

• solid
• mercury( liquid )

cant be scratched

can be hammered into shapes

pure substances have sharp melting and boiling points

• evaporation ( no certain temp, only on surface, no bubbles)
• boiling (certain temp, whole sample, bubbles)

expands

• distance 
• speed 
• forces of attractions

gas particles arent touching so they can be pushed

vinegar

due to very strong forces of attraction very high temp and energy is needed to reduce it?

NaCl

weathering and transportation

by applying pressure on limestone

NH3

• methanoic acid
• neutralize it to cure it by adding 
• (bicarbonate of soda or toothpaste)

• can be scratched
• absorbs water
• has pores

• contain fossils 
• have pores 
• water permeable
• soft

for reliable results

aluminum+iron oxide------> aluminium oxide + ironn

• 1- spray sulphuric acid on copper ore waste
• 2- becomes copper sulfate + hydrogen 
• 3- add iron to the copper sulphate
• 4- displacement reaction took place = we now have pure coopper and iron oxide

• applying pressure to mud stone
• roof tiles

CaCO3

by adding limestone

dyes, fertilizers, battery solution, insectides, paint

H2O

• natural= 92
• synthetic= 25

how much solute can dissolve in a solvent before mixture becoming saturated

a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in a solvent

• solid= grey
• Gas= purple

• toothpaste 
• bicarbonate of soda