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Work Protection Practices (WPP)
- SPR GLOSSARY
- The rules and procedures that govern how equipment is isolated from potentially hazardous sources of energy and made safe to work on in, all generating stations, NIA substations, and their associated facilities.
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ACE
- Area Control Error
- NERC GLOSSARY - MAIN
- The instantaneous difference between a Balancing Authority’s net actual and scheduled interchange, taking into account the effects of Frequency Bias and correction for meter error. ACE is shown in the EMS Generation Area Status screen (refer to Appendix 1, Figure 1), and computed at every AGC cycle (every 4 seconds) according to the formula.
- NERC GLOSSARY – WECC REGIONAL TERM
- The instantaneous difference between net actual and scheduled interchange, taking into account the effects of Frequency Bias including correction for meter error.
- 2T-07
- Official ACE Equation = Interchange Component – Frequency Component – Meter Error + ATEC (in MW)
- Classical ACE Equation = ACE = (NIA – NIS) – 10Bf (FA – FS) (in MW)
- NERC BAL-001-1 AND NERC GLOSSARY
- ACE = (NIA - NIS) - 10Bf (FA - FS) − IME
- NERC GLOSSARY – REPORTING ACE IN THE WESTERN INTERCONNECTION
- ACE = (NIA − NIS) − 10B (FA − FS) – IME + IATEC
- FULL EQUATION? (can’t remember where this is from) QQQ
- ACE = (NIA - NIS) - 10Bf (FA - FS) + CATEC + CME - IINAD - IPRRS - ISSOR - IDS + AADI
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Re ACE formula, what do the following represent:
- NERC GLOSSARY
- NIA = Actual Net Interchange
- NIS = Scheduled Net Interchange
- B = Frequency Bias Setting
- FA = Actual Frequency
- FS = Scheduled Frequency
- IME = Interchange Meter Error
- IATEC = Automatic Time Error Correction
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Re ACE formula, what does “(NIA - NIS)” represent?
- 2T-07
- Interchange Deviation Component
- NIA = Actual Net Interchange (MW)
- NIS = Scheduled Net Interchange (MW)
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Re ACE formula, what does “- 10BF (FA - FS)” represent?
- 2T-07
- Frequency Component
- BF = Frequency Bias (MW/0.1 Hz [with negative sign])
- FA = Actual Frequency
- FS = Scheduled Frequency
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Re ACE formula, what does NIA represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- NIA = Actual Net Interchange
- the algebraic sum of actual flows on all tie lines.
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Re ACE formula, what does NIS represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- NIS = Scheduled Net Interchange
- the algebraic sum of scheduled flows on all tie lines.
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Re ACE formula, what does B represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- B = Frequency Bias Setting
- the Frequency Bias Setting (MW/0.1 Hz) for the Balancing Authority. The constant factor 10 converts the frequency setting to MW/Hz.
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Re ACE formula, what does FA represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- FA = Actual Frequency
- the actual frequency.
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Re ACE formula, what does FS represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- FS = Scheduled Frequency
- the scheduled frequency. FS is normally 60 Hz but may be offset to effect manual time error corrections.
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Re ACE formula, what does IME represent?
- BAL-001-0.1a
- IME = Interchange Meter Error
- meter error correction factor typically estimated from the difference between the integrated hourly average of the net tie line flows (NIA) and the hourly net interchange demand measurement (megawatt-hour). This term should normally be very small or zero.
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Re ACE formula, what does IATEC represent?
- NERC GLOSSARY – WECC REGIONAL TERM
- IATEC = Automatic Time Error Correction
- This is a WECC Regional Term
- The addition of a component to the ACE equation that modifies the control point for the purpose of continuously paying back Primary Inadvertent Interchange to correct accumulated time error.
- A frequency control automatic action that a Balancing Authority uses to offset its frequency contribution to support the Interconnection’s scheduled frequency.
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Actual Frequency (FA)
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The Interconnection frequency measured in Hertz (Hz).
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Actual Net Interchange (NIA)
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The algebraic sum of actual megawatt transfers across all Tie Lines, including Pseudo-Ties, to
- and from all Adjacent Balancing Authority areas within the same Interconnection. Actual
- megawatt transfers on asynchronous DC tie lines that are directly connected to another
- Interconnection are excluded from Actual Net Interchange.
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AGC
- Automatic Generation Control
- NERC GLOSSARY – WECC REGIONAL TERM
- Means equipment that automatically adjusts a Control Area’s generation from a central location to maintain its interchange schedule plus Frequency Bias.
- NERC GLOSSARY
- A process designed and used to adjust a Balancing Authority Areas’ Demand and resources to help maintain the Reporting ACE in that of a Balancing Authority Area within the bounds required by applicable NERC Reliability Standards.
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ATEC
- Automatic Time Error Correction (IATEC)
- BAL-004-WECC-01
- Mentioned in here
- NERC GLOSSARY
- Extensive explanation with formulae
- NERC GLOSSARY – WECC REGIONAL TERM
- This is a WECC Regional Term
- The addition of a component to the ACE equation that modifies the control point for the purpose of continuously paying back Primary Inadvertent Interchange to correct accumulated time error.
- A frequency control automatic action that a Balancing Authority uses to offset its frequency contribution to support the Interconnection’s scheduled frequency.
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Balancing Authority
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The responsible entity that integrates resource plans ahead of time, maintains load-interchange-generation balance within a Balancing Authority Area, and supports Interconnection frequency in real time.
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Blackstart Resource
- NERC GLOSSARY
- A generating unit(s) and its associated set of equipment which has the ability to be started without support from the System or is designed to remain energized without connection to the remainder of the System, with the ability to energize a bus, meeting the Transmission Operator’s restoration plan needs for Real and Reactive Power capability, frequency and voltage control, and that has been included in the Transmission Operator’s restoration plan.
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BES
- Bulk Electric System
- SUMMARIZED NERC GLOSSARY DEFINITION FROM 2021 SO EXAM
- Transmission elements operated at 100kV or higher
- Real power and reactive power resources connected at 100kV or higher
- Transformers with a primary terminal and at least one secondary terminal operated at 100kV or higher
- Blackstart resources identified in the transmission operator’s restoration plan
- Generating resource(s) including the generator terminals through the high-side of the step-up transformer(s) connected at a voltage of 100kV or above with:
- Gross individual nameplate rating of greater than 20 MVA or
- Gross plant/facility aggregate nameplate rating greater than 75 MVA
- UNKNOWN
- The Bulk Electric System is the electrical generation resources, transmission lines, interconnections with neighboring systems, and associated equipment, generally operated at voltages of 100 kV or higher. Radial transmission facilities serving only load with one transmission source are generally not included in this definition.
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CBM
- Capacity Benefit Margin
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The amount of firm transmission transfer capability preserved by the transmission provider for Load-Serving Entities (LSEs), whose loads are located on that Transmission Service Provider’s system, to enable access by the LSEs to generation from interconnected systems to meet generation reliability requirements. Preservation of CBM for an LSE allows that entity to reduce its installed generating capacity below that which may otherwise have been necessary without interconnections to meet its generation reliability requirements.
- Contingency
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The unexpected failure or outage of a system component, such as a generator, transmission line, circuit breaker, switch or other electrical element.
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Contingency Reserve
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The provision of capacity that may be deployed by the Balancing Authority to respond to a Balancing Contingency Event and other contingency requirements (such as Energy Emergency Alerts as specified in the associated EOP standard). A Balancing Authority may include in its restoration of Contingency Reserve readiness to reduce Firm Demand and include it if, and only if, the Balancing Authority:
- - Is experiencing a Reliability Coordinator declared Energy Emergency Alert level, and is utilizing its Contingency Reserve to mitigate an operating emergency in accordance with its emergency Operating Plan.
- - Is utilizing its Contingency Reserve to mitigate an operating emergency in accordance with its emergency Operating Plan.
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Control Center
- NERC GLOSSARY
- One or more facilities hosting operating personnel that monitor and control the Bulk Electric
- System (BES) in real-time to perform the reliability tasks, including their associated data centers,
- of:
- - A Reliability Coordinator
- - A Balancing Authority
- - A Transmission Operator for transmission Facilities at two or more locations, or
- - Generator Operator for generation Facilities at two or more locations.
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Curtailment
- NERC GLOSSARY
- A reduction in the scheduled capacity or energy delivery of an Interchange Transaction.
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Energy Emergency
- NERC GLOSSARY
- A condition when a Load-Serving Entity or Balancing Authority has exhausted all other resource
- options and can no longer meet its expected Load obligations.
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Equipment Rating
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The maximum and minimum voltage, current, frequency, real and reactive power flows on individual equipment under steady state, short-circuit and transient conditions, as permitted or assigned by the equipment owner.
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Existing Transmission Commitments
- NERC GLOSSARY
- Committed uses of a Transmission Service Provider’s Transmission system considered when determining ATC or AFC.
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Facility
- NERC GLOSSARY
- A set of electrical equipment that operates as a single Bulk Electric System Element (e.g., a line, a generator, a shunt compensator, transformer, etc.)
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Facility Rating
- NERC GLOSSARY
- The maximum or minimum voltage, current, frequency, or real or reactive power flow through a facility that does not violate the applicable equipment rating of any equipment comprising the facility.
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