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Bering Streight (Berengia)
- Land bridge
- First americans crossed over 15,000 to 17,000 years ago
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Southern Societies
- Incas in Peru
- Mayas and Aztecs in Mexico
- Elaborate
- Written language
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Northern Societies
- Nomadic
- Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing
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Sowthwest Tribes
Tended to settle in one place and practice agriculture
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Great Plains Indians
Hunted large game and followed them
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Eastern Woodland Indians
Various water sources used for trade, transportation, and growing food
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Reasons for Europe looking Westward
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Leif Erikson and the Norsemen
Explored parts of North America as early as 100 AD
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Europe in the Middle Ages
Didnt look westward
-
Incentive for Europe to look for land
- Population increase after the Black Death
- Rise in Commerce
- Distance from the Pope
- Riches from the far East
- Spread Christianity
- More territory
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Prince Henry "the Navigator"
- Portugal
- Had a navigation school
- Explored the western coast of africa
- Spread christianty
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Christopher Columbus
- Sailed west to go east
- Saiked for spain
- Died never knowing what he discovered
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Cortes
Conquered the Aztecs
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Pizarro
Conquered the Incas in Peru
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Spain's Treatment of Natives
- Enslaved them
- Converted them to Catholicism
- Killed them
- Spread diseases
- Out of 5 million 90% of the natives died due to disease in the first 75 years the Europeans were in America
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First Africans in America
Brougt to Jamestown in 1619
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Tension between Spain and England
- Spain dominated through the 1500s
- In 1580 piracy on the part of the English
- 1588 Phillip II and the Spanish Armada attacked England and was defeated which led to English dominance in the North Atlantic and America
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Reasons for Brotish Colonization in the "New World"
- Economics - Mercantilism, New life
- Religion - Freedom, too much Roman Influence on the Anglican Church
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Goal of Mercantilism
To gain a nations total wealth
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Mercantilism (belief)
- Exract as much wealth as possible
- Export as little wealth as possible
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Mercantilism was followed by:
Most European coumtries (1500s - 1600s)
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"Favorable Trade"
- British colonies in America provided England with this
- England took raw materials and made them into manufactured products.
- Mabufactured goods were more expensive than raw materials
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Martin Luther (Germany 1517)
- Believed you could attain salvation wih God through good works and a direct relationship with God
- He also believed the bible, not the church, was the authentic voice of God
- Disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church
- Part of the Protestant Refromation
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John Calvin (Calvanism)
- Swiss theologian who rejected Catholic beliefs that human institutions could affect an individuals slavation
- Believed in predestination
- Part of the Protestant Refromation
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Predestination
Belief that God elected people for salvation
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King Hernry VIII
Was denied a divorce by the pope so he broke England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church
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Queen Mary the Blood
- Henry VIII's daughter who took the Catholic Church back to the Anglican Church
- Violently persecuted those who didn't relinquish their protestant beliefs
- Caused many protestants to flee England
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Puritans
- Those in England who wanted to purify the Church of England from within
- Felt dissatisfaction towards King James I
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Puritan Separtists (Pilgrims)
So radical they left England to form their own congregations
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Puritans in Ireland
- Subjugation of Ireland
- Led to the same type of thinking as the British Subjugation of Native Americans
- Believed the Irish to be "not as good as" the English
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Early Brtish Colonization in the New World
Most early attempts failed
-
Sir Humphrey Gilbert
- Lost at sea off of Newfoundland
- British
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Sir Walter Raleigh
- Roanoke "Lost Colony"
- British
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Giovanni da Verazano
- Explored Atlantic Coast between Florida and Newfoundland
- Fur trapping
- French
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Jacques Cartier
- Sailed the Lawrence, solidified and created relationships with the natives
- French
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French colonization
- Couldn settle in florida due to the spanish
- Initially fished for cod and salmon but then began to trade furs
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Dutch in America
- Purchased what is now Manhattan in New York for the equivalent of $24
- New Amsterdam
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Dutch West India Company
- Established the colony of New Netherland with 30 families
- Controlled it untill 1664 when the governor surrendered the territory to the Brittish
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Jamestown and the Virginia Company (1607)
- Virginia company of London recieved a charter from King James I
- Jamestown went through a statving time
- Disease killed people
- Native American attacks
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Joint - Stock Companies
Companies that went over to the new world in hopes of finding new wealth
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How did the English colonies become so populated since the condtiions were so tough in Virginia?
- Tobacco- led to huge profits
- Headright system - land was used to attra t settlers
- Endentured servants
- House of Burgesses - first elected representative body in a colony was created
- Massmigrations - religious strife between Catholics and Protestants
- Economic conditions for the average Englishman became tougher
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George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
Dreamed of Maryland as a money making venture and a haven for persecuted English Catholics
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Cecilia (2nd Lord Baltimore)
Recieved a charter from King Charles II and founded the colony of Maryland in 1632
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Maryland Toleration Act (1649)
- aka, Act Concerning Religion
- Assured religious freedom to all Catholics.
- Done out of desperation because protestants quickly outnumbered Catholics
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Bacon's Rebellion (1676)
- Nathaniel Bacon led a group of Virginia western frontiersmen (Piedmont, poor, mountain) against the wealthy establishment of the costal area (tidewater) and the Virginia House of Burgesses
- Bacons group demanded that Berkley give the frontiersmen protection against Indian Attacks, more say in the government, the ability to trade furs with the indians, more representation
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Colonial regions were diverse in
- Method founded
- Geographical features
- Economies
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What is the significance of Bacon's Rebellion?
- It was the largest and most powerful insurrection against authority in the history of American Colonies
- Bacon's group burned Jamestown and forced Berkley into exile
- Continuing struggle to settle the border between colonial and Indian territory
- Government must meet at least some of the wants and demands of all people including the poor and labor clssses.
- Another possible reason while famers will turn to African slave labor
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Pilgrims
In 1620, religious separtists from the Church of England, sailed on the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts
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Hardships in Puritan New England
- Disease
- Blown off course
- Couldn't grow food in the Winter
- Ran out of Alcohol
- Saved by the Indians after starving time, after good harvest, celebrated with indians... became thanksgiving
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In 1630 puritans were so dissatisfied...
they went to the New World, landed in Boston, North of Plymouth and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Charter from King James)
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Religious Influence in New England ("Theocracy")
- Religious Leaders were most powerful
- Elected Members (Predestined)
- Family was important (Conformity)
- Intolerant (Came for freedom but werent tolerant of others)
- Education was important so everyone could read the bible
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John Winthrop
Author of "City Upon a Hill"
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Thomas Hooker
Puritan minister led followers to an area in the Connecticut River Valley and founded the Colony of Connecticut
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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
Gave more people (men only) a say in the Government
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Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
- Questioned policies and authority of church leaders in Massachusetts
- Banished from Massachusetts, fled South
- Williams recieved a Royal Charter and formed Rhode Island
- those seeking religious freedom migrated from Massachusetts to Rhode Island
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At first who got along better, New England settlers or Jamestown?
New England
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Wars in New England
- Pequot War (1637)
- King Phillips War (1675)
- Indians allied with the New Englanders against other tribes
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King Phillips War (1675)
wiped put the wampanoag indians under the leadership of Metacomet (King Phillip) Mohaks worket with Massachusetts settlers due to their hatred of the Wampanoags
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Northern Colonies
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island (Roger Williams), Connecticut (Thomas Hooker)
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What happened in England between 1642 and 1649?
British Civil War
-
During the British Civil War...
- King Charles I disbanded parliament in 1629
- Parliament forces beheaded King Charles I
- Oliver Cromwell is put as leader (protectors) and head of parliament
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Who succeeded Oliver Cromwell
King Charles II
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What did King Charles II reward his supporters with?
- Restoration Colonies
- - Carolinas (1663 and 1665)
- - New Netherland to the Duke of York
- - Quaker Colonies: Pennsylvania (1682) and Delaware (1702)
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Buffer Zone
Georgia was added in 1732 by King George as a buffer zoned from Spanish/Indian Territory
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Why was Pennsylvania given to William Penn?
To pay the Kings debt to his father
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Willaim Penn was....
a quaker
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Quakers were...
- Pacifists
- they wanted Religious freedom
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Middle Colonies
- New York
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- Delaware
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Most Southern Colonies were either
- proprietary (given as a gift by the king)
- or Royal (controlled by the King)
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Virginia
Bacon's Rebellion and Class Divisions
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Maryland
Haven for Catholics until overpowered by protestants, tobacco, slaves and indentured servants
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Carolinas
- were granted to lords separated in 1712
- charleston was the major city
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Characteristics of Southern Colonies
- wealthy and poor class dividions
- cash crops
- reliant on slave labor
- religious toleration was only to make money
- mainly rural, not urban
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Atlantic Ocean
served as the Middle Passage for Slave Trade
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Reorganizing the British Colonies
- In the 1660s England began to see the profitability of organizing the colonies
- - results in
- - Mercantilism
- - Navigatin Acts (3)
- - Dominion of New England
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Navigation Acts
- 1660 - Closed the colonies to all trade except with England
- 1663 - All goods being sent from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could be inspected and taxed
- 1673 - duties on costal trade amoung the colonies and appointed customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts... eventually sent "Admiralty Courts" to hear cases involving these acts (they were payed more for guilty convictions)
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Positive effects of the Navigation Acts on the Colonies
- created a ship building industry in America
- British provided a market for many raw materials
- even though people were mad, the Navigation Acts served teh colonies qwll for 100 years (1660s to 1670s)
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The Dominion of New England
- New England did the most manufacturing
- Charles II took power away from colonial governments in New England and New York in order to enforce the Navigation Acts
- After his death in 1685 James II took over, created the Dominion, and put Sir Edmond Andros as the supervisor
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In 1688 William and Mary took control because
The Glorious Revolution broke out in England against Kimg James II
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Characteristics of the Northern Colonies
- Long, Cold Winters, Montains
- no large scale farming
- english settlers lumbering, ship building, fishing, iron works, wool production
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Salem Witch Trials
- 70s - 80s
- 1692, 150 accused, 19 hanged, and 1 trampled
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Characteristics of the Middle Colonies
- Ethnically Diverse
- Busy Shipping Ports
- Lush Farmland
- Grew wheat and rye
- raised beef and pork
- Weaving, shoemaking, cabinet making, and artisan crafts
- indentured servants
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Religious Toleration in the Colonies
At first there was no choice because there was too many different religions
-
Anti Catholics
- most people who came over were against Catholicism and Catholics weren't numerous enough to make a difference
- they lost political power in Maryland by 1691
- they had to hold services in private homes
-
Jews in the Americas
- Few in number
- resided mostly in New York
- Could only practice openly in Rhode Island
- Couldnt hold political office in most areas
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Lack of Diety and the Diversity of Religion led to...
THE GREAT AWAKENING
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Great Awakening split congregations into two groups...
The New Lights and The Old Nights
-
New Lights
- Man had control over his own life, beliefs, and destiny
- led to more acceptance of the Enlightenment way of thinking
-
John Locke
- Natural Rights of Man
- Life, Liberty, and Property
- Enlightenment thinker
-
Jeferson used what Enlightenment thinkers ideas in the Declaration of Independence
John Locke
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What is Deism?
the belief in God and that he may have created the Earth but he had a much more hands - off approach and let nature take its course
-
Many Enlightened leaders were
Diests
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Education in Colonial America by 1647
every town in Massachusetts by law had to support education
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Church Schools in Maryland
Run by Quakers and other Religious Denominations
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Dame Schools
For Widows and Unmarried Women
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What aspect of life in Maryland had a higher rate than European Countries
Over half the males in Colonial population could read and write by the Revolution
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Harvard (1636)
for Puritan Theologians
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William and Mary (1693)
for Anglican Clergy
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Yale (1701)
"anti-harvard" - less liberal
-
College of New Jersey (Princeton) (1746)
founded by Jonathon Edwards as a New Light
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Kings College (columbia) (1754)
first secular school... first with no theologian facility
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University of Pennsylvania (1755)
- founded by Ben Frankin
- Liberalists
- No religious Affiliation
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Reading of Almanas
- an example of Enlightenment thinking in America
- Poor Richard's Almanac by Ben Franklin (Richard Saunders)
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Cotton Mather suported the
Small Pox innoculation, another example of Enlightenment thinking in America
-
The Trial of John Peter Zinger (1735)
- establishes the concept of Freedom of Press
- Another example of Enlightenment Thinking
-
Effects of the Glorious Revolution on the Colonies
- Andros and the Dominion were overthrown
- Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were combined
- Jacob Leisler overthrew captain Francis Nicholson (1689_ who had run New York as an annex to the Dominion
- John Coode led a rebellion against Lord Baltimore and Maryland officials
- - temporarily outlawed Catholicism untill the 5th Lord Baltimore joined the Anglican church in 1715
- Colonies became less unified
- More conflict with smaller local groups than with England
- becoming a part of the imperial system
-
Who were the Indentured Servants in Colonial America?
- convicts and Volunteers
- Many men and women came on 4 to 5 year contracts in oprder to recieve a passage to America, food and shelter, and tools, clothing, and land. However they were not equipped for life on their own
-
Many Indentured Servants came due to the
Headright System
-
Many Servants found employment, but...
most did not, this led to Bacons Rebellion
-
The instability of Indentured servants led to
African Slave labor
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Health in Colonial America was
- bad a first but by the 1660slife expectancy was 71 - 72 if you survived infancy
- however in the chesapeake region it was 40 - 41
- there were many widows, widowers, and orphans
- Patriarchal society was undermined due to high mortality rates
-
illigetimate children were the result of
premarital sex amoung indentured servants
-
midwives helped to
raise survival rates of mothers and infants
-
Family structure in New England
began to stabilize as death rate decreased
-
Women's role in New England
run the farm, they were a minority
-
new england was dominated by
males
-
In New Endland Children were
more likely to survive
-
Growth in Slave Trade
- 11 million Africans were forced into immigration into North America, South America, and the Caribbeans
- Untill the late 17th Century the rate of African Immigration was higher than that of Europeans
-
Changing Nature of European Immigration
- started with English, Natives, and Africans
- in the 1700s population became more diverse
- - less British Immigration
- - More French Huguenots
- - German Protestants (known as Pennsylvania Dutch)
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