Unit 1

• Land bridge
• First americans crossed over 15,000 to 17,000 years ago

• Incas in Peru
• Mayas and Aztecs in Mexico
• Elaborate
• Written language

• Nomadic
• Hunting, Gathering, and Fishing

Tended to settle in one place and practice agriculture

Hunted large game and followed them

Various water sources used for trade, transportation, and growing food

• God
• Glory
• Gold

Explored parts of North America as early as 100 AD

Didnt look westward

• Population increase after the Black Death
• Rise in Commerce
• Distance from the Pope
• Riches from the far East
• Spread Christianity
• More territory

• Portugal
• Had a navigation school
• Explored the western coast of africa
• Spread christianty

• Sailed west to go east
• Saiked for spain
• Died never knowing what he discovered

Conquered the Aztecs

Conquered the Incas in Peru

• Enslaved them
• Converted them to Catholicism
• Killed them
• Spread diseases
• Out of 5 million 90% of the natives died due to disease in the first 75 years the Europeans were in America

Brougt to Jamestown in 1619

• Spain dominated through the 1500s
• In 1580 piracy on the part of the English
• 1588 Phillip II and the Spanish Armada attacked England and was defeated which led to English dominance in the North Atlantic and America

• Economics - Mercantilism, New life
• Religion - Freedom, too much Roman Influence on the Anglican Church

To gain a nations total wealth

• Exract as much wealth as possible
• Export as little wealth as possible

Most European coumtries (1500s - 1600s)

• British colonies in America provided England with this
• England took raw materials and made them into manufactured products.
• Mabufactured goods were more expensive than raw materials

• Believed you could attain salvation wih God through good works and a direct relationship with God
• He also believed the bible, not the church, was the authentic voice of God
• Disagreed with the Roman Catholic Church
• Part of the Protestant Refromation

• Swiss theologian who rejected Catholic beliefs that human institutions could affect an individuals slavation
• Believed in predestination
• Part of the Protestant Refromation

Belief that God elected people for salvation

Was denied a divorce by the pope so he broke England's ties with the Roman Catholic Church

• Henry VIII's daughter who took the Catholic Church back to the Anglican Church
• Violently persecuted those who didn't relinquish their protestant beliefs
• Caused many protestants to flee England

• Those in England who wanted to purify the Church of England from within
• Felt dissatisfaction towards King James I

So radical they left England to form their own congregations

• Subjugation of Ireland
• Led to the same type of thinking as the British Subjugation of Native Americans
• Believed the Irish to be "not as good as" the English

Most early attempts failed

• Lost at sea off of Newfoundland
• British

• Roanoke "Lost Colony"
• British

• Explored Atlantic Coast between Florida and Newfoundland
• Fur trapping
• French

• Sailed the Lawrence, solidified and created relationships with the natives
• French

• Couldn settle in florida due to the spanish
• Initially fished for cod and salmon but then began to trade furs

• Purchased what is now Manhattan in New York for the equivalent of $24
• New Amsterdam

• Established the colony of New Netherland with 30 families
• Controlled it untill 1664 when the governor surrendered the territory to the Brittish

• Virginia company of London recieved a charter from King James I
• Jamestown went through a statving time
• Disease killed people
• Native American attacks

Companies that went over to the new world in hopes of finding new wealth

• Tobacco- led to huge profits
• Headright system - land was used to attra t settlers
• Endentured servants
• House of Burgesses - first elected representative body in a colony was created
• Massmigrations - religious strife between Catholics and Protestants
• Economic conditions for the average Englishman became tougher

Dreamed of Maryland as a money making venture and a haven for persecuted English Catholics

Recieved a charter from King Charles II and founded the colony of Maryland in 1632

• aka, Act Concerning Religion
• Assured religious freedom to all Catholics.
• Done out of desperation because protestants quickly outnumbered Catholics

• Nathaniel Bacon led a group of Virginia western frontiersmen (Piedmont, poor, mountain) against the wealthy establishment of the costal area (tidewater) and the Virginia House of Burgesses
• Bacons group demanded that Berkley give the frontiersmen protection against Indian Attacks, more say in the government, the ability to trade furs with the indians, more representation

• Method founded
• Geographical features
• Economies

• It was the largest and most powerful insurrection against authority in the history of American Colonies
• Bacon's group burned Jamestown and forced Berkley into exile
• Continuing struggle to settle the border between colonial and Indian territory
• Government must meet at least some of the wants and demands of all people including the poor and labor clssses.
• Another possible reason while famers will turn to African slave labor

In 1620, religious separtists from the Church of England, sailed on the Mayflower and landed at Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts

• Disease
• Blown off course
• Couldn't grow food in the Winter
• Ran out of Alcohol
• Saved by the Indians after starving time, after good harvest, celebrated with indians... became thanksgiving

they went to the New World, landed in Boston, North of Plymouth and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony (Charter from King James)

• Religious Leaders were most powerful
• Elected Members (Predestined)
• Family was important (Conformity)
• Intolerant (Came for freedom but werent tolerant of others)
• Education was important so everyone could read the bible

Author of "City Upon a Hill"

Puritan minister led followers to an area in the Connecticut River Valley and founded the Colony of Connecticut

Gave more people (men only) a say in the Government

• Questioned policies and authority of church leaders in Massachusetts
• Banished from Massachusetts, fled South
• Williams recieved a Royal Charter and formed Rhode Island
• those seeking religious freedom migrated from Massachusetts to Rhode Island

New England

• Pequot War (1637)
• King Phillips War (1675)
• Indians allied with the New Englanders against other tribes

wiped put the wampanoag indians under the leadership of Metacomet (King Phillip) Mohaks worket with Massachusetts settlers due to their hatred of the Wampanoags

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island (Roger Williams), Connecticut (Thomas Hooker)

British Civil War

• King Charles I disbanded parliament in 1629
• Parliament forces beheaded King Charles I
• Oliver Cromwell is put as leader (protectors) and head of parliament

King Charles II

• Restoration Colonies
• - Carolinas (1663 and 1665)
• - New Netherland to the Duke of York
• - Quaker Colonies: Pennsylvania (1682) and Delaware (1702)

Georgia was added in 1732 by King George as a buffer zoned from Spanish/Indian Territory

To pay the Kings debt to his father

a quaker

• Pacifists
• they wanted Religious freedom

• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware

• proprietary (given as a gift by the king)
• or Royal (controlled by the King)

Bacon's Rebellion and Class Divisions

Haven for Catholics until overpowered by protestants, tobacco, slaves and indentured servants

• were granted to lords separated in 1712
• charleston was the major city

Buffer Zone

• wealthy and poor class dividions
• cash crops
• reliant on slave labor
• religious toleration was only to make money
• mainly rural, not urban

served as the Middle Passage for Slave Trade

• In the 1660s England began to see the profitability of organizing the colonies
• - results in
• - Mercantilism
• - Navigatin Acts (3)
• - Dominion of New England

• 1660 - Closed the colonies to all trade except with England
• 1663 - All goods being sent from Europe to the colonies had to pass through England so they could be inspected and taxed
• 1673 - duties on costal trade amoung the colonies and appointed customs officials to enforce the Navigation Acts... eventually sent "Admiralty Courts" to hear cases involving these acts (they were payed more for guilty convictions)

• created a ship building industry in America
• British provided a market for many raw materials
• even though people were mad, the Navigation Acts served teh colonies qwll for 100 years (1660s to 1670s)

• New England did the most manufacturing
• Charles II took power away from colonial governments in New England and New York in order to enforce the Navigation Acts
• After his death in 1685 James II took over, created the Dominion, and put Sir Edmond Andros as the supervisor

The Glorious Revolution broke out in England against Kimg James II

• Long, Cold Winters, Montains
• no large scale farming
• english settlers lumbering, ship building, fishing, iron works, wool production

• 70s - 80s
• 1692, 150 accused, 19 hanged, and 1 trampled

• Ethnically Diverse
• Busy Shipping Ports
• Lush Farmland
• Grew wheat and rye
• raised beef and pork
• Weaving, shoemaking, cabinet making, and artisan crafts
• indentured servants

At first there was no choice because there was too many different religions

• most people who came over were against Catholicism and Catholics weren't numerous enough to make a difference
• they lost political power in Maryland by 1691
• they had to hold services in private homes

• Few in number
• resided mostly in New York
• Could only practice openly in Rhode Island
• Couldnt hold political office in most areas

THE GREAT AWAKENING

The New Lights and The Old Nights

• Man had control over his own life, beliefs, and destiny
• led to more acceptance of the Enlightenment way of thinking

• Natural Rights of Man
• Life, Liberty, and Property
• Enlightenment thinker

John Locke

the belief in God and that he may have created the Earth but he had a much more hands - off approach and let nature take its course

Diests

every town in Massachusetts by law had to support education

Run by Quakers and other Religious Denominations

For Widows and Unmarried Women

Over half the males in Colonial population could read and write by the Revolution

for Puritan Theologians

for Anglican Clergy

"anti-harvard" - less liberal

founded by Jonathon Edwards as a New Light

first secular school... first with no theologian facility

• founded by Ben Frankin
• Liberalists
• No religious Affiliation

• an example of Enlightenment thinking in America
• Poor Richard's Almanac by Ben Franklin (Richard Saunders)

Small Pox innoculation, another example of Enlightenment thinking in America

• establishes the concept of Freedom of Press
• Another example of Enlightenment Thinking

• Andros and the Dominion were overthrown
• Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were combined
• Jacob Leisler overthrew captain Francis Nicholson (1689_ who had run New York as an annex to the Dominion
• John Coode led a rebellion against Lord Baltimore and Maryland officials
• - temporarily outlawed Catholicism untill the 5th Lord Baltimore joined the Anglican church in 1715
• Colonies became less unified
• More conflict with smaller local groups than with England
• becoming a part of the imperial system

• convicts and Volunteers
• Many men and women came on 4 to 5 year contracts in oprder to recieve a passage to America, food and shelter, and tools, clothing, and land. However they were not equipped for life on their own

Headright System

most did not, this led to Bacons Rebellion

African Slave labor

• bad a first but by the 1660slife expectancy was 71 - 72 if you survived infancy
• however in the chesapeake region it was 40 - 41
• there were many widows, widowers, and orphans
• Patriarchal society was undermined due to high mortality rates

premarital sex amoung indentured servants

raise survival rates of mothers and infants

began to stabilize as death rate decreased

run the farm, they were a minority

males

more likely to survive

• 11 million Africans were forced into immigration into North America, South America, and the Caribbeans
• Untill the late 17th Century the rate of African Immigration was higher than that of Europeans

• started with English, Natives, and Africans
• in the 1700s population became more diverse
• - less British Immigration
• - More French Huguenots
• - German Protestants (known as Pennsylvania Dutch)