chapters 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

mental picture of the layout of the environment

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences with be discouraged

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

take away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

type of learning that occurs by watching others

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

rewarding behavior only some of the time

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g, food, water, shelter, sex)

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease of behavior

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

unlearned, automatic response by an organizm to a stimulus in the evnironment

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

returning of a previously extinguished conditioned response

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

problem-solving strategy characterized by a specific set of instructions

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

thinking, including perception, learning, problem solving, judgment, and memory

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how peple think

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event schema

category or grouping of linguistic information, objects, ideas, or life experiences

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

providing correct or established answers to problems

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new,novel solution to a problem

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas,solutions, and possiblities

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

ability to think "outside the box" to arrive at novle solutions to a problem

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

common learning disability is which letters are not processed properly by the brian

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive script

ability to see complex relationships

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was intended

set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of lexicon

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn't

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

communicatoin system that involves using words to transmit information from one individual to another

the words of a given language

continually using an old solution to a problem without results

smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

Gardener's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

mental groupings that are created "naturally" through your experiences

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule

basic sound unit of a given language

aka "street smarts"

method for solving problems

best representation of a concept

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make-up

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for your judgment

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or clollection of related concepts

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

measure of variability that describes the the difference between a set of scores and their mean

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

manner by which words are organized into sentences

problem-solving strategy in which multiple solutions are attempted until the correct one is found

sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

input of sounds, words, and music

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory short-term memory, and long-term memory

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

how feelings and views of the world distort the memory of past events

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

formulation of new memories

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

input of information into the memory system

physical trace of memory

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

recall of false autobiographical memories

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

loss of information from long-term memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

continuous storage of information

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

technique to help make sure information goes form short-term to long-term memory

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information person may misremember the orginal event

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, partivularly unpleasant ones

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush yoru teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

accessing information without cures

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, ususally in response to a cue

process of bringing up old memeoies that might be distorted by new information

repetition of information to be remembered

learning information that was previously learned

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into donscious awareness

information learning more recently hinders the recall of older information

loss of memeory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

tendency for an individual to have better meory fo rinformation that relates to ineself in comparison to material that has less persona relevance

input of words and their meaning

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowldge and facts

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

holds about seven bits of information before it is gorgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

creation of a permanent rcord of information

effects of misinformation from external sources tha leads to the creation of false memories

memory error in which usnused memoriese fade with the passage of time

input of images

eating disorder characterized by an individual maintaining body weights that is well below average through starvation and /or excessive exercise

type of surgery that modifies the gastrointestinal system to reduce the amout of food that can be eaten and /or limiting how much of the digested food can be absorbed

part of the brain with sense connections with a variety of sensory areas of brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotinal value to memory

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating and associated distress

emotional and erotic attractions to both same-sexed individuals and oppostie-sexed individuals

emotional expression through body position or movement

emotinal expression through boyd position or movement

type of eating disorder characterized by binge eating folowed by purging

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

part of the brain involved in attetion and has connectins with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experience

one of the culturally specific standard staht govern the types and frequencies of emtions that are acceptable

individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological derive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

subjective state of being often described as feelings

phase of the sexual response cycle that involves sexual arousal

motivation that arises from external factors of rewards

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

diagnostic category in DSM-5 for individuals who do not identify as the gender associated with their biological sex

individual's sense of being male or female

pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage

emotoinal and erotic attractions to opposite-sexed individuals

spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to social needs to self-actualization

emotional and erotic attractoins to same-sexed individuals

species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

emotions arise from physiological arousal

satiety hormone

amout of energy that is expended in a given period of time

adultwith a BMI over 40

wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

adult with a BMI of 30 or higher

peak phase of the sexual response cycle associated with rhythmic muscle contractions (and ejaculation)

adult with a BMI between 25 and 29.9

phase of the sexual response cycle that falls between excitement and orgasm

lie detecotor test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a seres of quesitions

time immediately following an orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm

phase of the sexual response dycle following organsm duing which the body returns to it's unaroused state

phase of the sexual response cycle following organsm during which the body returns to it's unaroused state

fullness; satisfaction

emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive

individual's  belief in his own capabilities or capacities to complete a task

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

emotional and erotic attractoin to same-sexed individuals, opposite-sexed individuals, or both

divided into 4 phases including excitment, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

use of hormones to make one's body look more liek the opposite-sex

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, while complex tasks are best performed when arousal is lower

psychosexual stage in which children experience pleasure in their bowel and bladder movements

Jung's theory focusing on the balance of opposing forces within one's personality and the significance of the collective unconscious

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

common psychological tendencies that have been passed down form one genration to the next

state of being in which our thaouts about our real and ideal selves ar every similar

mental activity (thoughts, feelings, and memories) that we can access at any time

projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture

all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society

unconscious protective behaviors designed to reduce ego anxiety

ego defense mechanism in which a person transfers inappropriate uges or behaviors towards a more acceptable or less threatening target

aspect of personality that represents the self, or the part of one's personality that is visible to others

theory that personality is composed of five factors, including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

psychosexual stage in which the focus is on mature sexual interests

proportion of difference among people that is attributed to geneticw

aspect of personality that consists of our most primitive drives or urges, including impulses for hunger, thirst, and sex

person we would like to be

state of being in which there is a great discrepancy between our real and ideal selves

school of psychology proposed by Adler that focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority

refers to a person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to others' or to society's standards

psychosexual stage in which sexual feelings are dormant

beliefs about the power we have over our lives; an external locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an internal locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes

personality test composed of a series of true/false questions in order to establish a clinical profile of an individual

tendency to experience negative emotions

psychosexual stage in which an infant's pleasure is focused on the mouth

long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways

psychosexual stage in which the focus is on the genitals

ego defense mechanism in which a person confronted with anxiety disguises their unacceptable urges of behaviors by attributing them to other people

personality assessment in which a person responds to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires