Strategy & Tactics

All fires involving seat producing chemical reaction between *test*

The chemical process of oxidation that occurs at a right fast enough to produce heat

A rapid oxidation process which is a gas phase chemical reaction resulting in evolution of light in feet

Form of energy associated with the Motion of atoms or molecules in solids or liquids that is transferred from one body to another

Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter

Material that will maintain combustion under specified environmental conditions

Any material that readily yields oxygen or other oxidizing gas, or that readily reacts to promote or initiate combustion

Capacity to perform work

When a substance chemically is the same but changes in size, shape, appearance

Amount of energy that an object can release at some point in the future

Potential energy available for releasing combustion process

Kinetic energy associated with the random motion of molecules of a material or object

Units of work or energy in the international system of units

The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C is

1055 joule= how many btu

Reaction that emit energy sometimes in the form of heat and light

Reaction that absorbs energy as they occur

The fire triangle shows what three elements necessary for combustion *test*

The chemical decomposition of a solid material by heating

Moment when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source

Initiation of combustion by heat without a spark flame

Minimum temperature at which a fuel in the air must be heated in order to start self sustained combustion

To draw in and transport solid particles or gases by the flow of a fluid

Fuels in which energy of combustion derives from carbon, such as Wood, Cotton, Coal, petroleum

Petroleum based organic compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon

Smoke is a product of what

Car monoxide can combine with hemoglobin how much faster than oxygen

Fatal condition caused by severe oxygen deficiency and excess carbon monoxide

Smoke as a product of

Colorless toxic andflammable liquid until reaches 79°F, produced by the combustion of nitrogen bearing substance

Hydrogen cyanide is how much more toxic than carbon monoxide

They measure of Rate of heat transfer to or from a surface

Total amount of heat released per unit time

The result of exothermic reaction occurring spontaneously in some materials under certain conditions

Initiation of combustion of material by internal chemical or biological reaction that has produced enough heat to ignite material

At standard temperature, atmospheric pressure and gases do what

Gas is always moved from the area of______ pressure to the area of_______ pressure

Measurement of average kinetic energy in particles of a sample of matter (measurement of heat)

Common sources of heat that result in the ignition of a fuel

Most common source of heat in combustion reactions

For self-heating to progress to spontaneous ignition what factors are required

What can generate temperatures high enough to ignite any combustible material near the heated area

Electric current flowing through conductor produces heat

Current flowing through conductor exceeds its designed limit

High temperature luminous electric discharge across a gap or through a medium such as chart insulation

When electric arc occurs luminous or glowing

Heat transfers from one body to another how

Heat transfer from conduction is dependent on what three factors

What slows the conduction of heat from one material to another

The point at which two regions that are in thermal contact no longer transfer heat between them because they have reached the same temperature

Heat transfer from convection is dependent on what three factors

The transmission of energy as electromagnetic waves such as light waves, radio waves, x-rays without intervening medium

What can become the dominant mode of heat transfer as fire grows in size

Common cause of exposure fires

Fuel that is being oxidized or burned during combustion

Oxidized or burned material or substance in the combustion process

Amount of energy delivered over and give them period of time

The SI unit of power or rate of work equal to 1 J per second

Most dangerous of all types of fuels because they are already in physical state required for ignition

For flaming Combustion to occur fuels must be in what state

The gaseous state of a fuel that would normally exist as a liquid or solid at standard temperature and pressure

The density of gas in relation to air

Gas vapors with a density of less than 1 will do what? Gas vapors with a density greater than 1 will do what?

Mass of a substance compared to the weight of an equal volume of water at a given temperature *test*

To burn liquids must do what

What indicates how easily a substance will evaporate into the air

The minimum temperature which a liquid gives off sufficient vapers to ignite

The temperature at which a piloted ignition of sufficient vapors will begin a sustained combustion reaction

The extent to which a substance will mix with water

Materials that are_____ in water will mix in any proportion

Flammable liquids that have an attraction to water

Ratio of a surface area of fuel to the mass of a fuel

Primary oxidizing agent in most of fires

What is considered oxygen deficient and oxygen enriched in atmosphere

Lower limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite and support combustion

Upper limit at which a flammable gas or vapor will ignite

The range between upper flammable limit and lower flammable leopit in which I substance can ignite

Molecules of gas and oxygen break apart to form______ electrically charged high reactive parts of molecules

Extinguishment of a fire by interruption of chemical chain reaction

When three elements of fire triangle come together, the fire is small and confined

More of initial fuel becomes involved in production of heat and smoke increases

When all combustible materials in compartment are burning in their peak heat release rate

As fire consumes the available fuel or oxygen and heat release begins to decline

Hot gases in the plume rise until they encounter the ceiling and then begin to spread horizontally

When Flames reach ____ high radiated heat begins to transfer more heat then convection

The drawing in insurance porting of solid particles or gases by flow of a fluid

Area surrounding a heat source in which there is sufficient air available to feed a fire

The tendency of gases to form into layers according to temperature, gas density, pressure

The space between the air intake and exhaust outlet

Combustion of these hot gases indicate that portions of the hot gas layer are within their flammable range and there’s sufficient heat to cause ignition

The interference between the hot gas layers and a cooler layer of air

Rapid transition from growth stage to fully developed stage

Significant indicator of flashover, condition or unburned fire gases have accumulated at top of compartment ignite and flames propagate across ceiling

Four common elements of flashover

The autoignition temperature of CO, the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires

My indicate fire is in early stages of development

Could indicate that the compartment has not yet been ventilated or flashover is approaching

Indicate fire is reaching flashover conditions

Two main types of fully developed fires

Fire is said to be in decay stage when what

A flow path is composed of what two regions

A flow pass effectiveness to transport ambient air to the seat of the fire is based on

When a mixture of unburned fuel gases in oxygen come and contact within a ignition source

Two primary types of dangerous building conditions

The total quantity of combustible contents of a building, space, fire area

A way that the arrangement of compartment creates or does not create a serious of barriers for fire

Thermal properties of a building include

Unprotected engineered steel and wooded trusses can fail how soon after exposure to Fire

Bowstring truss roof was commonly used in facilities with large open floor spaces with limited interior supports such as

Assessment of a facility or location made before an emergency occurs

Act of preparing to manage an incident at a particular location or a particular incident before it occurs

What is the first step to completing a successful Preincident survey

Architectural drawing showing the overall project layout of building area, fences, hydrants, landscape from directly above

Rough drawing of a building repair during facility survey

Life safety information is collected in two basic topic areas

Everything within a structure that is not part of the structure can be considered what

What can be used during emergency operations to remove contaminated atmospheres from a structure If natural ventilation is not helping

Non-combustible barriers or dividers hung from the ceiling in large open areas that are designed to minimize the mushrooming affect of heat and smoke

What release heat and smoke to the outside through vents that work automatically and are placed at the highest point of the roof or wall

Release heat and smoke from atriums to the outside

Release heat and smoke to the outside from square or rectangular structures that penetrate a buildings roof

Thermoplastic panels or ordinary window glass act as automatic vents when a fire’s heat melts the plastic or breaks glass

Instrument that is inserted to flowing fluid to measure velocity pressure of string

The estimated uninterrupted quantity of water expressed in gallons per minute that is needed to extinguish a well-established fire

Horizontal member between trusses that support the roof

All structural members are composed of only noncombustable materials that possess a high fire resistant rating

Composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread, non-combustible or protected non-combustible materials

Older churches, schools, mercantile structures, exterior walls be constructed of non-combustible materials typically Masonary, interior walls can be constructed of any material adopted by codes

Construction that uses large dimension timber greater than 4 inches. Any other material used in construction not composed of wood must have how much fire resistant rating?

Woodframe construction, exterior bearing walls might be composed of water other combustible materials with brick or stone constructed over them

Factory built homes do not conform to model building code who regulates manufacturing

Five types of factory built homes

Most common type of manufactured home, completely pre-manufactured prior to delivery and least expensive

Must comply with same local building codes as site built homes, sections are Constructed and transported to site and attached to each other in a permanent foundation

Assembled on site from preconstructed panels made a foam insulation sandwich between plywood

Precut houses, post and beam construction, log homes, A-frames, geodesic domes, Made of individual parts that are custom cut it must be assembled on site

Includes elements of both moder design and panelized design, most recent development in factory built homes

National building code of Canada three types of building construction

Contain interior walls that create small boxes or spaces within the confines of the exterior walls

Space between top floor of a structure and the roof

A space of 2 to 3 feet in height that is found over commercial buildings

Open space or air duct above a drop ceiling that is part of the air distribution system

Area beneath a wall in which wall is likely to land if it loses structural integrity, 1 1/2 times the height of the building

What type of construction is least likely to collapse

A multi story platform structure would generally burn through and collapse inward while a balloon structure will do what

Collapse zones should be established when

Contents make contribute to collapse in what three ways

Roof types

Type of roof commonly found on commercial, industrial, apartment buildings with a slight slope to facilitate water drainage

Have a peak along one edge or in a center and a deck that slopes downward from the peak

Compose a relatively short timbers of uniform length, are beveled and bored at the ends where they are bolted together at an angle to form an interlocking Netwerk

Roof of the building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation

Written or unwritten plan for the disposition of an incident, contains strategic goals, tactical objectives, support requirements for operational.

Learning tools used to evaluate a project or incident, to identify and encourage organizational and operational strength and identify and correct weaknesses

To identify a problem you must first

Initial fire department response to report of an emergency

US mandated incident management system that defines the rolls, responsibilities, standard operating procedures used to manage emergency operations

Incident management personnel who report directly to IC, include PIO, safety officer and liaison officer

Incident management personnel who represent the major functional sections

Organizational level having responsibility for a major functional area of incident management

Organizational level having functional – geographical responsibility for major segment of incident operations, located between section and division

Organization of level have responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area, between branch and single resources

Organizational level equal to division have a responsibility for specified functional assignment

Organizational level with the sections that fulfill specific support functions such as resources, documentation, demobilization

Specified number of personal assembled for an assignment

Individual piece of apparatus and personnel

Any combination of resources assembled for a specific mission or operational assignment

Set number of resources of the same type that have established a minimum number of personnel

Two basic communication rules at Emergency scenes

Necessary when an incident involves or threatens to involve more than one jurisdiction or agency

Personnel operating in I DL H environment must be assigned in crews of how many personnel

Rate of motion in a given direction measured in units of length per unit time

When is considering foundation for your decision making process think about what four components

Things that you know to be true

Based on experiences influence by your knowledge, biases, beliefs, past experiences

Things that are likely to occur based on given situation

Regulations only require how many train personnel for Ric

Most common heated materials found in smoke giving it the black color

Indicates that pyrolysis is occurring in areas adjacent to main body of fire, indicates moisture and gases are being released from product

Common in mid stage heating as moisture mixes with gases in carbon has pyrolysis increases *test*

When different smoke areas combine can indicate smoke production changes from midstage heating to high heat

High quantities of carbon particles, indicator of amount of ventilation available in the seat of fire, the thicker the smoke the less cleanburning and less oxygen available

A high neutral plane might indicate

When neutral plane is roughly centered between the ceiling and floor

Neutral plane is close to floor may indicate

The darker and more turbulent the smoke is. The closer you are to rapid fire event

Three common types of movement in smoke are

Movement of a liquid or gas at a high rate of speed and no definite pattern to the movement of particles

Movement of liquid or gas at a low rate of speed in and in a predictable directions

Form of energy transferred from one body to another as a result of temperature difference

Indicates a fire in the room that’s hot smoke condenses on a cooler window

Indicates both temperature extreme and location of neutral plane

Indicates flashover conditions are present

CARA

Clearly identified strategic goal and tactical objective necessary to achieve goal

Type of size up that could be employed to evacuate the potential of a occupant being alive within a structure fire

System that optimizes the utilization of all available resources, personnel, procedure, equipment in order to promote safety and improve operational efficiency

CRM training achieves its goals of increasing scene safety and responder effectiveness by emphasizing

The first and company officer should consider pulling past the address for what

Warning device the alerts the user that respiratory protection equipment is about to reach it’s Limit and that it is time to exit

Factors that affect strategy and tactics in institutional occupancies

Factors that will affect strategy and tactics in industrial and storage occupancies

Used for the gathering of 50 or more people

An existing residential or commercial property that is up for sale, utilities may be still on and some continents may remain in structure

Residential or commercial property that is empty and may have all entrances secured or boarded up

Property that has been vacant for sometime and may be structurally unsound

Incident priorities that apply to all types of incidents and are listed in order of priority *test*

Traditionally 2 strategies that the fire service uses

Apply water from exterior of structure as crews advance into the interior

Defensive strategy operations are justified in what conditions

Based on information gathered in incident size up, may result in a written plan

First arriving officer has several command options. What are they?

Situations when mobile command maybe used

In this command option company officer remains at mobile radio in apparatus assigning tasks

When transferring command IC should brief releaving officer of what

What is essential for safe and efficient transition to defensive strategy

Involves techniques that allow a rescuer to identify the location of a victim and how to remove them

Removal of victims from my untenable or unhealthy atmosphere

Some of the safety guidelines that the initial IC should use are

Safety guidelines that search teams should use are

Rapid but thorough search to determine location of victims, performed either before or during fire suppression *test*

Slow thorough search to ensure that no occupants were overlooked during primary search *test*

Systematic pattern such as left or right handed search, effective when entering a structure from normal ingress, require least amount of training and supervision

Systemic approach in which team can quickly and effectively search specific room, team leader position himself in a fixed location to keep groups orientation

Used to conduct a search of a large complex filled with smoke, utilize equipment and rope systems

Used when suspected or probable that a victim is present in a specific room or compartment within a structure and there is direct access to enter the room

Facts you need to consider when implementing confinement tactics

Factors that determine whether fire extension what affect nearby external exposures

Attack method that involves a discharge of water or a foam stream directly on burning fuel

Using a straight or solid stream with water most efficiently on ventilation controlled fires

Fire that is located in a remote part of structure or hidden from view

Offensive tactic that employs a hose line from the exterior of structure where smoke or flames are visible to gain control of fire prior to deployment of interior hose lines

Positive pressure fans are most effective on what fires

The 2 main considerations for positive pressure attack are

Positive pressure attack is only effective when

Rehabilitation function during an incident intended to monitor responders vital signs and stress level

Planned systematic and coordinated removal of heated air, smoke, gases, or other airborne contaminants from a structure, replacing them with cooler fresher air

When may ventilation occur

Open plan commercial structures known as_____ have high fuel loads and contents and no physical barriers to prevent fire spread

What must be in place before tactical ventilation begins

The most important weather related influence on ventilation

Two types of tactical ventilation used for structure fires

The oldest type of mechanical ventilation

Considerations for negative pressure ventilation

Lower horizontal surface such as under surface of eaves or cornices

As a last resort what can be done in basement fires to force heat and smoke out

Personnel required for search and rescue and firefighting operations in high-rise buildings

Vertical shaft with an a tall building to act as a chimney or smoke stack channeling heat and smoke upward due to convection, strong draft moving from ground level to roof level

Tendency of heat and smoke to rise until they encounter a horizontal obstruction, then will spread laterally until they encounter a vertical obstruction and Bank downward

The most important aspect of tactical ventilation in high-rise buildings

Salvage tactical operations begin when