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Hollow Capsule formed from 6 fused segments. Primary functions are locating and taking food, recognizing mates, cohorts, enemies, and sensing danger.
Head
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Appendages of the head and are nearly always made of many segments. Shape, number, relative size of segments are characteristics used to identify an insect. Used for touch, smell, hearing, navigation, food location, communication, and sometimes grasping.
Antennae
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Describe Filiform and give example
Threadlike, cockroach
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Describe setaceous and give example
tapering - Dragonfly
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Describe moniliform and give example
beadlike, termites
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Describe Serrate and give example
saw like - drugstore beetle
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Describe clavate and give example
clubbed, ladybird beetle
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describe capitate and give example
having a head, some powder post beetles
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Describe lamellate and give example
leaflike, june beetle
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Describe pectinate and give example
comb like, pyrochorid beetle
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Describe geniculate and give example
elbowed, ants
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Describe aristate and give example
feathery bristles, flies
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Labrum - Upper lip - Chewing type
simple flap that covers upper jaws.
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Mandibles -Chewing type
there are 2, solid structures with tooth like projections on the inner side.
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Hypopharynx, Chewing type
Fleshy organ, found inside mouth, sensory.
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Maxillae - Chewing type
pair of maxillae - each is made of several parts, used for picking up and holding food, sometimes for spooning or biting it. Each has an antennae like structure attached to the outside called maxillary pouch. Move from side to side.
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Labium, Lower lip, Chewing type
made of several parts, bears a labial palpus on either side that has the same functions of the maxillary palpi.
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Describe Chewing type mouth parts and examples
- Most primitive and most basic. Found on insects that feed on solid foods. Made of 7 structures.
- Cockroaches, termites, beetles, chewing lice
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How do Piercing-Sucking Mouth Parts work? examples
- Used to pierce the skin or epidermis of plants or animals and suck up the blood or sap from beneath the surface. Most structures have same name as chewing type but are modified.
- Mosquitoes, biting flies, fleas, lice
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Proboscis (snout) - Piercing-Sucking
- slender, tubular beak that encloses 4 long, slender stylets that are used to pierce tissue and suck up liquid.
- Mosquitoes, biting flies, fleas, lice
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How do Rasping-Sucking type mouth parts work?
Used to lacerate or rasp the epidermis of plants with three needlelike organs - stylets until sap flows out. Then retract the stylets and suck up the exposed sap. Only found in Thrips
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How do Sponging mouth part types work? examples
- Must Feed on exposed fluids - cannot pierce skin of animals or epidermis of plants. Lower lip is elongated to form the outer covering of the soft beak, within there are 2 slender structures that form a salivary duct and a food channel. Tip of lower lip is enlarged into a sponging organ that has a series of grooves radiating from the center where the food is sucked up into the esophagus.
- House flies, blow flies, fruit flies
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How do Siphoning mouth part types work? examples
- Part of each lower jaw is elongated and interlocked to form a long, slender tube to suck up exposed liquids. It is coiled up when not in use.
- Moths, butterflies
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How do Chewing-Lapping mouth part types work? examples
- Mouth parts are formed for chewing of solids and sucking up of exposed liquids. Upper lip and jaws are the same as chewing type, lower jaws and lip are elongated to form a tongue to suck or lap up liquids.
- Some bees and wasps
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Thorax
Made of 3 segments that legs and wings are attached to if present. Segments are hard and fully fused. Spiracles are found on the sides for breathing. Connected to the head by a membranous region (cervix)
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Name the 6 parts of the Legs
Coxa, Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, pretarsus
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What 2 parts connect the leg to the body
Coxa and trochanter
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where is the trochanter found
between the coxa and femur
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What is usually found on the last tarsal segment
claws, pads, or lobes
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What forms the pretarsus
claws and pads together
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How many segments typically make up the abdomen
11 but usually only 10 are visible
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On the abdomen, how many segments contain spiracles
7 or 8
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Where are the cerci found
On the last segment of the abdomen
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Constriction of the first 1 or 2 abdominal segments is often an identifying feature in what pests?
Hymenopterous
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What are the 3 parts of the cuticle?
endocuticle, exocuticle, epicuticle
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What is the cuticle made of?
sclerotin and chitin
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What are the functions of the circulatory system in insects?
Food absorption, picking up waste products, healing, disposing of bacteria and other harmful organisms, maintaining or changing internal pressure.
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How are waste products excreted in insects?
through the body wall, digestive tract, and rectum
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What are Malpighian tubules
excretory tubes that are attached and empty into the hind portion of the digestive tract
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What are the components of an insects respiratory system
tracheae, tracheoles, spiracles
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Describe tracheae
series of tubes, extending into the body cavity
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What are tracheoles
small tubes that carry oxygen to the tissues in the body and open to the outside of the body through spiracles.
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Describe the nervous system of an insect
Brain, nerve centers (ganglia) located in each body segment that are connected to the nerve cord.
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Where are the ganglia and nerve cord located?
Bottom side of the body
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How are surface insecticides primarily taken into an insects body
through the body wall and tarsi
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how do carbamates and organophosphates cause toxicity in insects
by inhibiting an important enzyme involved in nerve impulse transmission across synapses
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what mode of action do Pyrethrins and pyrethroids use
Block nerve transmission along the nerve fibers
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Integrated Pest Management
Integrating preventative and corrective measures to keep pests from causing significant problems at the lowest cost, with minimal risk to the customers and to the desirable components of the environment.
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Elements of IPM
- physical, mechanical, cultural, chemical, biological, and educational
- 1) decisions for solving pest problems are made on the basis of determined need
- 2) all available management techniques are coordinated into the program
- 3) health, aesthetics, satisfaction, comfort, and other subjective factors must be considered when determining the acceptable pest level
- 4) The human factor
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