psychology 1-3

professional organization representing psychologists in the United States

focus on observing and controlling behavior

study of how biology influences behavior

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

are of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

scientific study of development across a lifespan

long research paper about research that was conducted as a part of the candidate's doctoral training

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

means "scientific study of"

study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives housed in a traditional college of liberal arts and sciences

allows programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

scientific study of the mind and behavior

doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Who studied structuralism

who studied Functionalism

who studied psychoanalytic theory

who studied Gestalt Psychology

who studied Behaviorism

who studied Humanism

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

serves as a basic for comparison and controls for chances factors that might influence the results of the study -- by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

purposely misleading experiment participants inorder to maintain the integrity of the experiment

results are predicted based on a general premise

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable had

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignment

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

able to be disproven by experimental results

inferring that the results for a sample apply tot he larger population

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

conclustions are drawn from observations

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved and the implications of the research, and the obtaining the person's consent to participate

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

commitee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

measure of agreement among observes on how they record and classify a particular event

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended perios of time

observation of behavior in its natural setting

two varirables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

descriptoin of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

personal judgments, conclustions, or attidudes that mya or may not be accurate

subjects of psychological reserach

article read by several other scientists(usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

consistency and reproduciblity of a given result

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research's reliabuility

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

list of questions to be answered by research participants __ given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally-- allowing reserchers to collect data from a large number of people

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

electrical signal that moves down the neuron's axon

sits atop our kidneys and secretes hormones involved in the stress response

drug that mimics or stretngthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold fo excitation

specific version of a gene

structure in the limbic system involved in our experience of emotion and typing emotional meaning to our memories

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

strip of cortex in the temporal lovbe that is responsible for processing auditory information

controls our internal organs and glands

major extension of the soma

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neuotransmitter systems

region in the left hemisphere that is essential for language production

brain and spinal cord

hinbrain structure that contrls our blanance, coordination, movment, and motor skills, and it is thought to be important in processing some types of memory

surface of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities

long strand of genetic information

imagining technique in which a computer coordinates and integrates multiple x-rays of a given area

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals fromother neurons

helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide bas pairs

disease related to insufficient insulin production

allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele

recording the electrical activity of the brain via eletrodes on the scalp

series of lands taht produce chemical substances known as hormones

study of gene-envitonment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes

activiation fo the sympathetic division of the automonic nervious system, allowing access to energy reserves and heightended sensory copacity so that we might fight off a given threat or run away to safety

largest part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the limbic system, amoung other structures

twins who develop from two different eggs fertilized by different sperm, so their genetic material varies thee same as in non-twin siblings

part of the cerebral cortex involved in resoning, morto ctorl, emtion, and language; contains motor cortex

MRI that shows changes in metabolic activity over time

sequence of DNA that cotrols or partially controls physical characteristics

view of gene-enviornment interaction that asserts our genes affect our envitonment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes

gentic make up of an individual

nervious sytem cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport

secretes sexual hormones, which are important for successful reproduction, and mediate both sexual motivation and behavior

bump or ridge on the cerebral cortex

left or right half of the brain

consisting of two different alleles

division of the brain dcotraining the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

structure in the temporal lobe associated with learning and memory

state of equilibrium-biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

consiting of two identical alleles

chemical messenger released by endocrine glands

forbrain structure that regulates sexual motivation and behavior and a number of homeostatic proecesses; serves as an interface between the nervous system and the endocrine system

twins that develop from the same sperm and egg

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

deep groove in the brain's cortex

magnetic fields used to produce a picture of the tissue being imaged

hinbrain structure that controls automated processes like breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

divistion of the brain located between the forebrain and the hindbrain; contains the reticular formation

strip of cortex invovled in planning and coordinating movement

sudden, permanent change in a gene

fatty substance that insulates axons

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, wich are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous sytem

nervous sytem's ability to change

chemical messenger of the nervous system

open spaces that are found in the myelin sheath that encases the axon

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; contains the primary visual cortex

secretes hormones that regulate blood surgar

associated with routine, day-to-day operations of the body

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual informatino;contains the primary somatosensory cortex

connects the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, or gans and senses in the periphery of the body

individual's inheritable physical characteristics

secretes a number of key hormones, which regulate fluid levles in the body, and a number of messenger hormones, which direct the activity of other glands in the endocrine system

multiple genes affecting a given trait

hindbrain structure that connects the brain and spinal cord; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

involves injecting individuals with a mildly radioactive substance and monitoring changes in blood flow to different regions of the brain

area in the frontal lobe responsible for higehr-levle cognitive functioning

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

protein on the cell suface where neurotransmitters attach

allele whose phenotype will be expressed olnly if an individual in homozygous for that allele

the stae of readiness of a neuron membrain's potential between signals

midbrain structure important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and morto activity

neuotransmitter is puped back into the neuron that released it

cell membrain taht allows smaller molecutles or molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while sotpping larger or highly charged molecules

cell body

relyas sensory and motor information to and from the CNS

essental for processing sensory information from across the body, such as touch temperature, and pain

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced; involved in control of movment

depressions or grooves int he cerebral cortex

involved in stress-related activities and functions

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

storage site for neurotransmitters

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; contains primary auditory cortex

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

sensory relay for the brain

states that organizms that are better sutied for their nevironments will survive and reproduce copared to those that are poorly suited for their environments

secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

midbrain structure where dopamine is produced: associated with mood, reward, and addiction

important for speech comprehension

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

internal cycle of biological activity

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases ocomplete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

awareness of internal and external stimuli

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle

study that combines the results of several related studies

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

sleep disorder in which the sufferer can not resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur' sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

rapid burst of high-frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time

continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

height of a wave

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells wich serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

two-eared cue to localize sound

cue that relies on the use of both eyes

slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field

system in which perceptions are built from sensory input

organizing our perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system

electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

failure in the vibration of the eardrum and /or movement of the ossicles

specialized photoreceptor that works best in bright light conditions and detects color

deafness from birth

genetic disorder that results in the inability to experience pain

transparent covering over the eye

partial or complete inability to hear

logarithmic unit of sound intensity

ability to perceive depth

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

segmenting our visual world into figure and ground

small indentation in the retina that  contains cones

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts

(also, continuity) we are more likely to perceive continuous, smooth flowing lines rather than jagged, broken lines

auditory receptor cell of the inner ear

cycles per second; measure of frequency

failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention

middle ear ossicle; also known as the anvil

signal that some type of tissue damage has occurred

sound coming from one side of the body is more intense at the closest ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through the head

small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

colored portion of the eye

difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli

perception of the body's movement through space

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye

perceive depth in an image when two parallel lines seem to converge

middle ear ossicle, also known as the hammer

touch receptor that responds to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

touch receptor that responds to light touch

one-eared cue to localize sound

cue that requires only one eye

results in a degeneration of inner ear structures that can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and an increase in pressure within the inner ear

pain form damage to neurons of either the peripheral of central nervous system

sensory signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain

bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe, where the olfactory nerves begin

sensory cell for the olfactory system

sensory cell for the olfactory system

color is coded in opponent pairs: black-white, yellow-blue, and red-green

X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

touch receptor that detects transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations

ability to discriminate among different figures and shapes

(also, crest) highest point of a wave

way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

educated guess used to interpret sensory information

chemical message sent by another individual

light-detecting cell

visible part of the ear that protrudes from the head

perception of a sound's frequency

different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

organize perceptions into complete objects rather than as a series of parts

perception of body position

things that are close to one another tend to be grouped together

small opening in the eye through which light passes

light-sensitive lining of the eye

specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions

touch receptor that detects stretch

what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

not perceiving stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time

change in stimulus detection as a function of current mental state

things that are alike tend to be grouped together

middle ear ossicle; also known as the stirrup

message presented below the threshold of conscious awareness

grouping of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron

temperature perception

sound's purity

interpretation of sensations is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts

conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones

lowest point of a wave

eardrum

taste for monosodium glutamate

spinning sensation

contributes to our ability to maintain balance and body posture

portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see

length of a wave from one peak to the next peak