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What are constitutional isomers?
Isomers that have the same formula but different structures
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What are enantiomers?
Are the same across the mirror plane
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What are diastereomers?
Only one thing changes from one structure to the next.
Ex: the bond of one molecule changes from the left to the right
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In fischers projections, vertical bonds point ____ from the viewer and horizontal bonds point _____
Away
Towards
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For cis molecules, large substituents prefer to be _____ because it reduces steric strain, while _____ increases steric strain
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What is the formula for deciding aromaticity?
4N+2
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Meso isomers have many ____ centers but are overall ____ because they have a line of symmetry and superimposable images
Chiral
Achircal
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How do you translate a Newman projection?
The substituents facing up and down on the circle are in the plane, the substituents to the right on the circle are facing up, and the substituents on the left of the circle are facing down
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What are conformational isomers?
When one isomer can be converted into another just by rotation around a bond
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What is the difference between constitutional isomers and conformational isomers?
Constitutional isomers are two completely different structures even though they have the same formula. Conformation isomers are able to be interconverted simply through bond rotation
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pKa is the reciprocal of Ka. Acids with a small pKa are actually very ____
Strong
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What is the increasing order of acidity in the bonds: single, double, triple
Triple is the most acidic bc it is able to hold the charge the best. Then double, then single
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Is a carbocation formed in an SN1 reaction and why?
There is a carbocation that forms when the LG leaves before the nucleophile attacks. The nucleophile is too weak to attack on its own, so this is a two step process. This is also why SN1 reactions favor secondary and tertiary carbons
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Peroxyacids convert alkenes to _____
Epoxides
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LiAlH and BH4 reduce a ketone to a _____ alcohol and an aldehyde to a ____ alcohol
Secondary
Primary
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Alkyllithium reagents turn ketones into _____ alcohols and aldehydes into _____ alcohols bc they are adding alkyl chains to the molecule
Tertiary
Secondary
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What cannot be present in the molecule during a Grignard reaction?
Substituents that react readily with strong bases or nucleophiles
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What is a condensation polymer?
Form from a loss of water (condensation reaction)
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An enol is an _____ while an enolate is the conjugate base and is a deprotonated _______
Alcohol attached to a double bond
deprotonated alcohol (o-) attached to a double bond
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