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A pregnant mare has what kind of placentation?
- Diffuse.
- It involves the entire surface of the chorioallantois except for a small area adjacent to the cervix called the "cervical star", where attachment cannot occur.
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What abdominal organ is absent in the horse and rat?
Gallbladder
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What is the most common site of feed impactions in the horse?
The narrow pelvic flexure and small colon are areas of potential impaction/obstruction.
Ingesta is moved caudally in the left ventral colon and at the caudal end of the peritoneal cavity, the left ventral colon narrows into the pelvic flexure, which reflects itself and opens into the left dorsal colon.
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How much urine do horses produce a day?
- 20 ml/kg/day
- Usually pale yellow in color
- It may be clear or cloudy depending on the amount of CaCO3 being excreted
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Claws, hooves, and horns are made up of which type of cell?
Keratinized cell.
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List the external structures of the hoof (6)
- frog
- sole
- bulbs of heel
- seat of corn
- bars
- coronet of coronary band
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Internal structures of the hoof (4)
- bones
- digital cushion
- lateral cartilages
- corium
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How many cervical vertebrae does a normal horse have?
7
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How many thoracic vertebrae does a normal horse have?
18
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How many lumbar vertebrae does a normal horse have?
7
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A horse's shoulder is located in which anatomical direction to its hip?
The horses shoulder is located cranial t the hip, meaning it is located toward the animal's head
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What bones form the tail of the horse?
coccygeal vertebrae
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What bone is immediately distal to the scapula of the horse?
humerus
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The carpus of the horse is located proximal to which bone?
metacarpus
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What bone is located distal to the tarsal bone in the horse?
metatarsal
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How many ribs does the horse have?
approximately 18
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How many coccygeal vertebrae does a horse have?
15 - 20
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How many fused bones are in the sacra?
5
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At what level of vertebrae are the withers of a horse located?
T4 - T9 due to the large spinous processes
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What bones are considered one of the strongest bones of the horse?
- humerus
- angle allows it to absorb shock during movement
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What bone is also known as the cannon bone of the horse?
3rd Metacarpal
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What joint lies between the cannon bone and the long pastern?
Fetlock joint
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What bone is encased in the hoof?
Middle phalanx
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The glenoid cavity is located immediately proximal to what bones of the horse?
humerus
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The deltoid tuberosity is located on what bones of the horse?
humerus
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What bone forms the floor of the pelvis of the horse?
pubis
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What bone is the largest bone in the pelvis of the horse?
ilium
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The interosseous space is located between which two bones on the limb of a horse?
radius and ulna
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The femoral condyle is located ______________ to the head of the femur in a horse.
distal
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The coxal tuber is located on what bone(s) of the horse?
Proximal end of the hip bone
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The calcaneus bone in a horse forms what?
- Forms the bone of the hock in horses
- Point of attachment for the Achilles tendon
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The tarsus of the horse is composed of how many bones?
6 small bones arranged in 3 rows
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Metatarsal IV in the horse is also known as:
lateral splint bone
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The hock in the horse is made up of what bone?
Tarsus
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Approximately how much of the weight do the forelimbs of the horse carry?
60% of the weight and absorb most of the shock during movement
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What muscle is responsible for the movement of the head and neck of the horse?
brachiocephalicus
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What muscle is responsible for raisin the shoulder in a horse
Rhomboideus
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What muscle elevates and flexes the neck?
Splenius
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Where is the insertion of the sternocephalicus muscles of the horse?
at the mandible of the horse
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Which muscle of the horse supports the rider's weight?
- Longissimus dorsi
- also flexes the back and trunk, supports the head and neck
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Where is the point of origin of the pectoral muscle of horses?
- sternum
- inserts at humerus and scapula
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Which muscles extend the horse's neck? (3)
- Gastrocnemius
- Semitendinosus
- Biceps Femoris
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The point of origin of what muscle of the horse is at the tuber coxae of the pelvis?
superficial gluteal muscle
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What muscle(s) of the horse is responsible for extending the elbow?
triceps
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What muscle(s) originate(s) behind the poll (at the base of the skull) of the horse?
Splenius
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What muscle(s) insert(s) at the distal femur and tibia of the horse?
semimembranosus
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What tendons flex the toe in horses?
Deep digital flexor tendon
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What tendon flexes the pastern joint
Superficial digital flexor tendon
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What tendon extends the pastern joint
lateral digital extensor
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What is the function of cheek ligaments in horses?
prevents strain and overextension of the joint
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What allows the horse to rest and sleep in a standing position?
the stay apparatus locks the limbs and joints into position, enabling the horse to rest and sleep in a standing position
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A protective external capsule, called the __________, surrounds the internal structures of the foot on a horse.
the hoof
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What structure of the horse's hoof allows for expansion and provides strength?
Bars
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How long does it take for a horn to grown down from the coronet to the tip of the toe (on the ground surface) of a horse?
9 - 12 months
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The _____________ forms the outer layer to protect the hoof and maintain moisture levels.
periople
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What provides nourishment to the digital cushion and functions with the frog in the horse's foot?
frog corium
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What attaches the sole of the pedal bone to the horny sole of the foot
sole corium
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What consists of the sensitive laminae attached to the periosteum of the pedal bone
Laminar corium
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What supplies the periople with nutrients
Perioplic corium
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The sequence in which a horse lifts its feet from the ground is described as what?
gait
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In which type of gait does the floating phase occur?
within the gallop
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During which gait are there never more than two legs on the ground at the same time?
gallop
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A horse's vision is primarily which type?
monocular because each eye is situated on lateral sides of the head
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Which area is the blind spot for a horse?
directly behind the ears or behind the head
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What is the normal heart rate for a horse at rest?
24 - 42 bpm
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What forms the ventral margin of each nostril of a horse?
Alar fold
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At what age do permanent teeth begin to erupt in the horse?
2.5 years
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How many permanent teeth does the adult male horse contain (minus the wolf teeth)?
40
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How many permanent teeth does the adult female horse contain (minus the wolf teeth)?
36
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How many deciduous teeth are in horses?
24
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At what age do wolf teeth develop in the horse?
between the ages of 18 months and 5 years
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How much are the occlusal surfaces worn down every year in the horse?
1 - 2 mm every year
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What does the term hypsodontic in the horse represent?
lack of enamel over the occlusal surface of the horse teeth
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The section between the canine teeth and the first premolar of the horse is termed:
diastema
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What is the average length of the esophagus in the average-sized horse?
1.5m
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What is the volume that the adult horse's stomach can hold?
7 - 14L
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Food passes from the esophagus into the stomach via what structure in the horse?
cardiac sphincter
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At what level of “fullness” does the horse's stomach empty?
2/3 full
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Where does digestion and absorption of food take place within the horse?
at the ileocecal junction
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Where does the microbial digestion of cellulose take place within the horse?
within the small intestines
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In the average horse, how many liters of ingesta can the cecum hold?
35L
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In the average horse, how many liters of ingesta can the colon hold?
100L
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How long does food remain in the colon of the horse?
36 - 65 hours
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The left kidney of the horse lies __________ to the right kidney, is located ventral to the last rib, and is near the first two or three lumbar transverse processes.
caudal
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How many grams does the average equine kidney weigh?
400 - 600g
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What is the normal pH of equine urine?
- greater than 9
- Alkaline because of the high potassium content of fresh vegetation
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At what age do the male testicles of the horse reach their full adult size?
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Where does fertilization normally occur in the horse?
fallopian tubes
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The ovaries of the mare are largely inactive until sexual maturity, which occurs at what age?
1 - 2 years of age
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Which of the following terms correctly describes the mare's parity?
uniparous -> giving birth to only one foal at a time
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What is the typical breeding season of a mare?
early spring to late summer
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The mare is considered a/an ___________ ovulator, which means she will ovulate without the stimulus of mating.
spontaneous
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How long does the typical estrous cycle last in the mare?
17 - 21 days
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During the estrus phase of the mare, which of the following occurs?
a. Follicle development
b. Ovulation
c. Secretion of estrogen
d. Estrus does not occur in the mare
Ovulation
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How long does the diestrus phase of the mare last?
14 - 16 days
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How long does the estrus phase of the mare last?
- 6 days on average
- range from 4 - 10
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