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The cardiovascular system consists of?
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What system is intimately related to the cardiovascular system?
Lymphatic system
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Hematology is the study of
blood
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Blood is
- opaque
- sticky
- viscous (5 x more that water)
- liquid connective
- 8% of total human body weight
- slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
- .9% sodium Chloride
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What is the average adult blood volume?
5 liters (1 1/2 gallons)
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A function of blood is transport. What does it transport?
- Oxygen from the lungs (heme, part of hemoglobin, does this) to the cells
- Carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs (globin does this)
- Nutrients from the digestive tract to the cells
- Waste products from the cells to the lungs, kidneys, sweat glands, and liver
- Hormones from the endocrine glands to the target cells
- Enzymes to target cells
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What are the functions of blood?
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
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A function of blood is regulation. What does blood regulate?
- Temperature (37C 98.6F)
- pH through buffers
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One of the functions of blood is protection. What does it protect against?
- Blood loss through clotting mechanisms
- Foreign bodies (ex. microbes)
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What are the components of blood?
Formed elements - 45%
Plasma - 55%
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What are the formed elements of blood? What percentage of blood do they make up?
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What is blood minus it's formed elements?
Plasma
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What percentage of blood does plasma make up? What is plasma?
55%
Fluid part of blood with clotting elements (minus formed elements)
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What percentage of plasma is made up of clotting elements? What are they primarily?
7% of the plasma are clotting elements. They are primarily proteins.
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Plasma minus the clotting elements is what?
serum
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Through what process are blood cells produced?
hemopoiesis
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What are the 3 major types of blood cells (formed elements)?
- Red blood cells (RBC)
- White blood cells (WBC)
- Platelets
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What is another name for a RBC?
erythrocyte
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What is another name for a WBC?
leukocyte
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What is another name for platelets?
thrombocytes
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Where are RBCs made?
myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
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Where are WBC's made?
myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue (spleen & lymph nodes)
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Where are platelets made?
myeloid tissue (bone marrow)
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Through what process are RBCs formed?
erythropoiesis
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What is the shape of RBCs? Why are they shaped this way?
- biconcave disks
- anucleated
allows for more surface area for gas exchange than almost any other shape
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How big are RBCs?
8 micrometers in diameter
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How much hemoglobin do RBCs contain?
- 30% of cell weight
- 14gm/dl
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Hemoglobin is a complex molecule. What does it contain?
- a functional protein called globin
- a non protein pigment called heme
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What is globin? What is it composed of? What does it carry?
- Globin is the functional protein part of hemoglobin.
- It is composed of polypeptide chains (2 alpha and 2 beta chains).
- It carries carbon dioxide.
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What is heme? What does it contain? What does it carry?
- Heme is the non-protein pigment part of hemoglobin.
- contains iron
- carries oxygen
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Hemoglobin combines with oxygen to form
oxyhemoglobin
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Hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to form
carbaminohemoglobin
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Hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide to form
carboxyhemoglobin
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How long do RBCs live?
120 days (4 months)
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How many RBCs are produced each second?
2 million
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What is the stem cell called that gives rise to RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes?
hemocytoblast
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What is a RBC in the final stage of immature development before becoming a mature RBC called?
reticulocyte (retic)
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Do retics have a nucleus? What do they have that mature RBCs don't?
No, retics do not have a nucleus.
Retics do still have organelles which mature RBCs do not have.
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How many retics are considered abnormal?
more than 1.5%
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Is anemia just caused by low iron?
No, anemia can result from decreased numbers of RBCs, decreased hemoglobin or cell size, or bizarre shapes.
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What test measures the percentage of RBCs in whole blood? What do you spin the blood in?
hematocrit (Hct)
blood is spun in a centrifuge
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What is the normal amount of RBCs for a male?
For a female?
Male 47%
Female 42%
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Do WBC's have a nucleus?
yes, WBC are nucleated
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What are the 2 principal types of WBCs?
- granular leukocytes
- agranular leukocytes
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Where do granular leukocytes develop? What are some characteristics of granular leukocytes?
- develop in the bone marrow
- have granules or stippling in cytoplasm
- lobbed nuclei
- about 10 micrometers in diameter
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What are the 3 types of granular leukocytes?
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Neutrophils
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Eosinophils
- Granular leukocyte
- cytoplasmic granules stain orange
- eosinophilia indicates an acute allergic reaction or internal parasites
normally about 2-4%
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Basophils
- granular leukocyte
- granules stain dark purple
- huge nuclei
- basophilia indicates certain types of cancer and leukemias
normally 0 -1 %
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Neutrophils
- granular leukocytes
- granules stain dark very light blue
- known as polymorphs (many forms of nuclei)
- neutrophilia indicates acute bacterial infection (ex septicemia)
normally 60-70%
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What are some characteristics of agranular leukocytes?
- develop in bone marrow and lymph tissue
- do not have cytoplasmic granules
- from 8-15 in diameter
- no staining in cytoplasm
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Name 2 types of agranular leukocytes.
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Lymphocytes
- agranular leukocyte
- smallest WBC
- large nucleus and little cytoplasm
- lymphocytosis indicates acute viral infections
normally 20-25%
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Monocytes
- agranular leukocyte
- Largest WBC
- monocytosis indicates chronic infection
normally 3-8%
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What are thrombocytes? What are the characteristics of a thrombocyte?
- no nucleus
- fragments of giant cells called megakaryocytes
- round or oval purple disks
- 2 micrometers in diameter
- function by breaking down to form fibrin clots
- normal count between 250-400 thousand/cubic mm (very important to surgeons)
- average life 5-9 days
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Plasma is
- Liquid portion of blood
- 55% of whole blood
- 91.5% water
- 1.5% solutes
- 7% proteins (when proteins are removed in the clotting process, what is left is serum)
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What are the functions associated with WBCs?
- Phagocytosis - eats
- Chemotaxis - chemical alarm
- defensins - like antibiotics
- antihistamines - reduce swelling
- antibodies - like keys for inactivating antigens
- diapedesis - movement through capillary walls
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What are wandering macrophages?
WBCs that move in the extravascular space disposing of dead or foreign matter
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What is the normal count for WBCs?
- 1 WBC per 1000 RBCs
- 5-8 thousand/cubic millimeter
- leukocytosis indicates infection
- leukopenia is seen in wasting or near death conditions
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What blood test is done to identify the percentage of each type of WBC in a blood sample?
Complete blood count (CBC) with differential.
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How long do WBCs live?
Several hours to several days
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What is hypoxia?
Oxygen deficiency at the cellular level
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