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What is required as a reagent in an EAS reaction?
Some type of metal, like iron
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Are EAS reactions typically under thermodynamic or kinetic control?
Kinetic
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How does halogenation work in EAS? What halogen is the exception to this?
The halogen must be paired with either a metal by itself or a metal attached to the same halogen.
Ex. Br2 has to go with Fe or FeBr3
Exept Iodine, who can react with copper chloride (CuCl2)
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What is Friedel-Crafts alkylation and what are its limitations?
Occurs when benzene is treated with an alkyl chloride and AlCl3
It's limited by the presence of deactivating groups, carbocations, polyakylation, and hybridization (sp3 only)
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Why can Friedel-Crafts not occur if the carbon bonded to the chloride is sp2 or sp?
Because then a carbocation would be placed on a double or triple bond, and the carbon would hate that
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What other reagents can Friedel-Crafts work with besides chloride?
Alcohols and Sulfuric acid
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What is Friedel-Crafts acylation?
Carried out like alkylation, but with an acid chloride instead of an alkyl chloride. Results in a ketone
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What can be used after acylation to remove the ketone?
Clemmenson reduction, Rainey-nickel or Wolff-Kishner to turn the ketone into two hydrogens
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Friedel-Crafts acylation followed by Clemmensen reduction does or does not suffer from carbocation rearrangements
Does not because the ketone serves as an electron withdrawing group
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What is added to the ring during sulfonation and what is used as the reagents?
SO3H is added, using fuming sulfuric acid
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How is sulfonation reversed?
With an excess of water
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What occurs during nitration of the benzene ring? What are the reagents used and what is the resulting product?
An NO2 group is added to the ring.
Uses Nitric acid and sulfuric acid to speed the reaction up
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How is an NH2 group added to a benzene ring?
The ring is first nitrated and then hydrogen is added via either H2 and Palladium or Hydrochloric acid and iron with a strong base
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What is the Sandmeyer reaction and what is its versatility?
When aniline is reacted with sodium nitrate in acidic conditions and copper ____ (usually a halogen)
Because the intermediate is a benzenediazonium ion, it is very reactive and can be combined with copper_____ to create a variety of reactions. These are all referred to the Sandmeyer reactions collectively
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