urinary system

• Removes metabolic wastes from blood/ body
• Removes toxins from the body
• Maintains normal water balance, electrolyte balance, and pH of body (blood)

Funnel shaped top of the ureter where urine collects

The inner portion that appears striated

Outer shell of the kidney that appears dense & solid

Renal arteries- carry 15-30% of cardiac output into kidneys from the abdominal aorta

Renal veins- Collect blood from the kidneys, draining into the inferior vena cava

• Filters blood
• Regulate blood volume & solutes
• Regulates pH
• Removes toxic wastes from the blood to form urine

filters the blood

Capillary tangle where fluids are forced out of the blood

Kidney tube that gathers filtered fluids from the blood

Carries fluids away from the renal corpuscle

Formed from distal convoluted tubules from several nephrons

Merge to eventually drain into the minor calyx, to major calyx, to renal pelvis

Cortical nephrons- 85% of nephrons (function is blood filtration)

Juxtamedullary nephrons- Contain vasa recta surrounding a much longer loop of Henle (function to concentrate urine)

enzyme secreted by juxtaglomerular apparatus, secreted into the blood

produced in liver, secreted into blood

- Cleaved by renin to form angiotensin I

Still an inactive molecule in blood

Angiotensin converting enzyme 

• - Produced in lungs, secreted into blood
• - Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Multiple functions

• -a vasoconstrictor
• - stimulates the release of aldosterone & ADH
• - Causes hypothalamus to induce thirst

Produced by the adrenal cortex

• - Incr. tubular reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-
• - Incr. tubular secretion of K+

Antidiuretic hormone

• - Produced by pituitary gland
• - Incr. reabsorption H2O from collecting duct

95% water and 5% solutes

pH 4.6-8.0 // Ave=6.0

Waste product from deamination of amino acids

50% reabsorbed, 50% excreted

Vitamin D production

Tube from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

Urine moves due to peristalsis, pressure & gravity

Tube carrying urine from the bladder out of the body

Kidney damage leading to insufficient filtration

Wastes build up in the blood/ body

Hemodialysis and Peritoneal dialysis

Removes waste and excess fluid from the blood when kidneys cant do so

Blood is drawn and sent through a machine and returned through a blood vessel

Usually performed 3 or more times a week for 4 hours or more

Cleans the blood without it being removed

Dialysate is injected into peritoneal space in the abdomen through a two-way catheter

The membrane that lines the abdomen allows waste and fluid to pass from the blood into the dialysate which is then pumped out

Hem: Cleans better, short time treatment, must be in facility 3x/week, risk of hemorrhage, damages WBC

Per: Less effective cleaning, more hours hooked up, home treatment, risk of infection & peritonitis, easy on RBCs

Chemicals received in the body that aren't carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

The liver is the primary detox organ pathway

• Dosage
• Route of entry (Ingestion, inhalation, absorption)
• Excretability