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Consciousness
Immediate awareness of internal and external stimuli
William James: consciousness is a "stream/ river"
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Circadian Rhythm
rhythmic change that continues at close to a 24-hour cycle
- - body temperature
- - hormone & cortisol secretion
- - Sleep
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that governs the timing of circadian rhythms
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Melatonin
Hormone of the pineal gland that produces sleepiness
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Awake but non-attentive: regular
Alpha waves
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Awake and attentive: low amplitude, fast, irregular
beta waves
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Sleep Stage 1:
Sleep Stage 2:
- 1- Falling asleep
- 2- (slow-wave sleep)- Deeper stage of sleep
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REM Sleep
EEG patterns that resemble beta waves of alert wakefulness
-muscles most relaxed, rapid eye movements occur, vivid dreams occur
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Restoration theory
body wears out during the day and sleep is necessary to restore it
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Adaptive theory
evolution to preserve energy during the time of day when there is little value and considerable danger
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Nonsomniacs
sleep far less than most but do not feel tired during the day
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Insomniacs
have a normal desire for sleep but are unable to and feel tired during the day
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REM sleep disorder
sleeper acts out his or her dreams (sleepwalking, kicking, etc.)
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Somnambulism disorder
Sleepwalking
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Narcolepsy
- overpowering urge to fall asleep that
- may occur while talking or standing up
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Sleep apnea
failure to breathe when asleep (snoring)
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“True” dream
vivid, detailed dreams consisting of sensory and motor sensations experienced during REM sleep
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“Sleep thought”
acks vivid sensations, similar to daytime thinking; occurs during slow-wave sleep
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Manifest content
elements of the dream that are consciously experienced and remembered
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Latent content
- the unconscious wishes that are
- concealed in the manifest content
- Dreams as “wish fulfillments”
- Manifestations of anxieties
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Cataplexy
sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control
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“Somnambulistic” state
sleepwalking-like
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Post-hypnotic suggestion
after awakening
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Hypermensia
enhancement of past memories via hypnosis
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Binocular rivalry
our attention shuttles between both eyes
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Attentional blink:
our attention blinks right as we concentrate on something
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Depressants
inhibit brain activity
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Stimulants
increase brain activity
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Opiates
pain relief and euphoria
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Psychedelics
distort sensory perceptions
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Stimulants
- Caffeine
- Nicotine
- Amphetamines
- Cocaine
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Ecstasy (MDMA) —
- Serotonin agonist
- Feelings of euphoria
Side effects—dehydration, hyperthermia, tremor, rapid heartbeat; heart and blood pressure issues
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Dissociative anesthetics —(PCP, Ketamine)
- 20th century surgery anesthetics
- Deaden pain, produce stupor
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