bio 20 respiration

the process by which oxygen is supplied to cells and carbon dioxide is removed from cells

bones and muscles controlled by nerves, bringing large volumes of oxygen rich air into the lungs and remove carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs

lungs providing a thin surface of tissue where oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass, defined as gas exchange

• active process of inhaling air (intercostal muscles located between ribs pull rub cage up and outward) 
• Diaphragm contracts and flattens
• increases thoracic space
• creates LOW AIR PRESSURE in the lungs

muscles that run in between the ribs

chest cavity

• passive process of exhaling air (intercostal muscles located between ribs relax and ribcage goes down and in)
• Diaphragm relaxes and curves upward
• decreases thoracic space
• creates HIGH AIR PRESSURE in the lungs

• contains hair and mucus that filters dust
• sinuses warm and moisten the air

air space

passage for food and air

the voice box that lets air pass into trachea

• windpipe held open by rings of cartilage
• contains epiglottis (prevents food from passing down) EPIGLOTTIS NOT PART OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

the 2 bronchus tubes that branch off the trachea

expandable organs in the chest cavity where gas exchange takes place

• thin membranes lining the ribcage and lungs
• pleural space between membranes contains fluids to reduce friction
• this space also provides suction that pulls to expand the lungs as the rib cage expands

smaller tubes branching off the bronchus

• small moist sacs located at the end of each bronchiole
• round to maximize surface area
• allows for gas exchange of gases across their membrane
• must be moist to allow for diffusion of gases

a fine network of capillaries

between the blood in the capillaries and the air in the alveolus

graph that measures lung function

volume of air in one normal breath

max amount of air AFTER normal breath in

max amount of air AFTER normal breath out

air that remains after max expiration

max amount of air you can move out of lungs

max capacity of lungs

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx

trachea, bronchus, bronchioles

connective tissue found throughout the body

dome shaped muscle that contracts continuously, this creates a vacuum which pulls air into the lungs

gas exchange - exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide in the tissues and carbon dioxide for oxygen in the lungs

diffusing of oxygen into the blood (cellular respiration)

each gas in the atmosphere exerts pressure as if it occupied the space alone

to help with gas exchange

through iron containing hemoglobin in each red blood cell

when oxygen forms a weak bond with iron

when concentration of particles is higher in one place than the other, diffusion of oxygen into cells is dependent upon concentration gradient

lack of oxygen

during carbon dioxide transport in the blood 27% of carbon dioxide combining with hemoglobin to form this complex

during carbon dioxide transport in the blood 64% of carbon dioxide is converted to bicarbonate ions

when carbon dioxide enters the blood stream it first reacts with water and creates carbonic acid

carbonic anhydrase

chemoreceptors

carbon dioxide, carbonic acid

has chemoreceptors, sensitive to change in pH, high carbon dioxide causes increase in breathing rates

carbon dioxide + water --> carbonic acid --> bicarbonate + hydrogen

chemoreceptor located on carotid arteries and most sensitive to low oxygen levels

chemoreceptors located on aortic arch sensitive to low oxygen, pH, high carbon dioxide levels

carbon dioxide + water --> carbonic acid --> bicarbonate + hydrogen --> carbon dioxide + water

having too much carbon dioxide

infection of the tonsils in the pharynx

inflammation of the larynx

infection that causes bronchi to become inflamed

alveoli in the lungs become inflamed and filled with liquids

walls of alveoli lose elasticity; causes oxygen shortages

chronic reduced air flow of bronchi and bronchioles caused be inflammation

overproduction of mucus caused by faulty gene

abnormal cells in the lung