Ed's Police Administration

Philadelphia 1833

New York 1844

The process of acquiring and maintaining control over government, including its policies.

the use of government resources of politicians to reward loyal voters is called patronage.

In 1833, It established the U.S. Civil service commission to enforce its provisions and mandated that federal employees pass a competitive exam.

Established by the New York senate to examine corruption in the NYC police department.

It aroused the public from its apathy and it separated politics and patronage in the worse sense from the administration of government agencies.

Provided a model of using outside experts to study a police agency.

Gus Vollmer

Forbid federal employees from participating in partisan political activities.

Enacted by President Hoover, a report of 14 volumes mostly by Gus Vollmer.  It involved civil service protection for police officers, enhanced training and education

Opened the door for all woman to serve and be used in all types of assignments.

determined what factors contribute to the success of criminal investigations.

reform effort to reshape how police resources were used to reduce crime.  Reduced the amount of specialization.

Made of State, County and City.  Started to persue research and policy work

Police strategy in partnership with the community in order to deliver custom tailored police services.

( COP) Has had the quickest and the most widespread impact on policing.

When small infractions of the law are ignored, it creates a climate condusive to more serious crimes.

Started in New York City.  Management control system designed to develop, analyze, and disseminate information about reported crime.

Is based on data analysis of a constellation of sources which includes agency records, intelligence, and scientific research.

Larry Sherman pioneered hot spot policing by analyzing crime data.  He concluded that a few places and addresses produced roughly half of all crimes.

In 2009, a collaboration between grant awarding federal bureau of Justice Assistance and police agencies.

Law enforcement culture should embrace a guardian mindset to build trust and legitimacy.

1. Community partnerships, 2.problem solving using the SARA model, *Scanning, Analyzing, Response, and Assessment.  3. Organizational Transformation.

1. Decentralizing authority 2. A flattened Hierarchy 3. A reduced number of specialized units 4. An emphasis on police work 5. Increasing non-sworn personnel.

Is an ideal compliment to both intelligence based policing and evidence based policing.

in 1983, New Port News, Virginia developed POP.  It focused on the departments traditional response to major, recurring problems.  it resulted in the problem solving methodology of SARA.

Designed to move the dept from a traditional, reactive, incident driven agency to a more proactive and community oriented dept.

A business model for policing.  It emerged after 9/11

A proactive approach to crime and disorder that uses information and analytical tools

Identifying patterns and relationships between crime data and relavant data.

• Law enforcement criminal maps coincided with results several environmental crime studies.
• It became influential in hot-spots policing, CPTED, situational policing, directed patrols, and crime analysis.

1. Accurate and timely intelligence and statistical crime information 2. Rapid deployment of resources 3. Effective tactics and strategies of enforcement 4.  Relentless follow up and assessment.

The identification of networks of offenders and criminal activity.

data and information that have been evaluated.

1. the creation of a task coordination process.  2.  The development of core intelligence products. 3.  the establishment of standardized training practices 4. the development of protocols to facilitate intelligence capabilities.

Act as effective and efficient mechanisms for exchanging information and intelligence.

1. It serves as a hub for anti-terrorist anti-crime operations 2.  Support operations that protect critical infrastructure and key resources 3. Fusion centers often maintain public tip lines 4. Assist police executives in making better informed decisions, especially during emergencies.

Acts as a nations hub for intelligence activity

problems with sharing information 2. Fusion centers are expensive 3. Fusion centers suffer from mission creep 4. Fusion centers come close to violating civil liberties.

Border security and transportation 2. Emergency preparedness and response 3. chemical countermeasures 4. Intelligence analysis.

CODEFOR (Computer Optimized Deployment Focus On Results

Hot spot policing

Evidence Based Policing

Terrorism conducted in an international arena by individuals with no Nation State.  Hamas, Hezbollah, ISIS

Actions conducted by their own people

Is committed against a person, property or society bias against based on race, religion, ethnic origin, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation

The due process revolution.

Banned illegally seized evidence

Equal protection under the 14th Amendment requires legal counsel for all indigent people.

Affirms a suspect is entitled to confer with an attorney as soon as it shifts from investigatory to accusatory.

• The watchman style- maintenance of order, mainly in declining cities.
• The Legalistic style- In heterogenous populations and it's reform oriented
• The Service Style - Oriented in the needs of citizens.

• Citizens investigate allegations.
• Police officer investigate allegations
• Complainants appeal their findings
• An auditor investigates the process

They do those things that people are unwilling or unable to do.

Mechanistic - Organizational structure set up to run like a machine.  Operate under a hierarchy, chain of command, and specialization.  

Organic - They have boundaries and dependent with a larger environment.

• Mutual Benefit Associations - labor unions
• Business concerns - Vendor
• Service organizations - Homeless shelter
• Commonwealth organizations - DOD and PD collaborate for the public is the beneficiary.

Described as classical, mechanistic, and closed systems.

• Scientific Management
• Bureaucratic Model
• Administrative or Management Theory.

Frederic Taylor

Natural inclination not to push yourself

Not wanting to produce so much to see the quota raised

Scientific Managment

Developed a basic planning chart.  Key factor in planning production was not quantity but time.

Slow performing organizations using complicated procedures.

Founder of Modern sociology.  Claimed pure bureaucratic model was superior to all other methods of organizing with respect to efficiency, control, and stability.

• 1. Organization follows a hierarchy, each lower office is under the control of a higher one.  Creates a Chain of Command. 
• 2. There is a right of appeal
• 3. Division of labor exists, specialization. 
• 4. Duties are created by rational rules. 
• 5.  Administrative actions and rules are recorded in writing. 
• 6. Authority is associated with the position is property of the office.
• 7. Employees are appointed on the basis of qualifications
• 8.  Organizational members do not own it.

Rational legal authority.  Authority is granted to positions such as Sgts Lt's

It called for private sector approaches in public organizations.

Police officers being the face of government

Referred to as management theory.  Sought to identify generic and universal methods of administration.

Administrative theory is more compatible with the bureaucratic model

POSDCORB.  Adapted from Fayol's principles.

• Planning - 
• Organizing
• Staffing
• Directing
• COordinating
• Reporting
• Budgeting

Called for softening or eliminating many features of pure bureaucratic model.

Concluded that important influence on productivity is the interpersonal relations with women.

1972, New York City, started to investigate corruption.

• Developed the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to explain individual motivation
• Self Actualization
• Self esteem needs
• Belongingness
• Safety needs
• Physiological needs

Theory of immaturity vs maturity

Theory X assumptions are readily recognized

Theory Y Supports its subordinates by giving them the resources to do their job

Showed two sets of operating variables.  Hygiene factor later called maintenance factors 2. Motivators - Achievement and Recognition.

Open and honest communication.

Developed by Kurt Lewin, composed of behavior of making organizations more democratic.

Driving forces push for new conditions and restraining forces resist change.

A change in management process.  It was used to recalibrate.

Burns and Stalker maintain there is no best way to structure an organization.

Organizing

Division of labor

O.W. Wilson

Span of management.