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what are the objectives for preventing transmissible disease?
- protect patients and dental personnel
- maintain healthy facilities
- organized system
- prevent cross contamination
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infection control in which all human blood and certain human body fluids are treated as if known to be infectious for HIV HBV and other blood borne pathogens.
universal precautions
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infection control to protect dental health care personnel and patients from pathogens spread thru blood or other body fluids (except sweat)
standard precautions
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what does the standard precautions apply to?
- blood
- body fluids
- nonintact skin
- mucous membranes
- bioflim
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what are transmissions that are covered with standard precautions
- airborne transmission
- skin contact
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what are the microoranisms of a new born baby?
none, new born oral cavity is sterile
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how are microorganisms transmitted to the infant?
- from mother-breastfeeding
- as infant grows always being introduced to adult microorangims
- salivary bacteria
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where does the salivary bacteria come from
- mostly dorsum of the tongue
- mucous membranes
- gingival/periodontal tissues
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where do you find high counts of microorganisms?
- biofilm
- periodontal pockets
- carious lesions
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what are the three types of infection potentials?
- intact mucous membrane-protects against infection
- microorganisms present in oral cavity-pathogenic, nonpathogenic and transient
- patient carrier
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what are the essential features fro disease transmission
- infectious agent
- reservoir
- port of exit
- mode of transmission
- port of entry
- susceptible host
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what is an infectious agent
- bacteria
- fungi
- viruses
- protozoa
- rickettsiae
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what is a reservoir
- people
- equipment
- instruments
- water (from tubing)
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what is a port of exit
- secretions-saliva blood
- skin and mucous membrane
- droplets
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what is are the three types of transmission?
- direct contact
- indirect contact
- airbore
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what is a port of entry
- mucous membrane
- GI tract
- respiratory tract
- broken skin
- eyes
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what are some examples of a susceptible host
- immunosuppressed
- medically compromised
- elderly
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does the presence of an infectious agent always lead to an infection or disease?
no
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what are the 7 factors influencing development of infection?
- presence of infectious agent
- numbers of organism
- duration of exposure
- virulence of organism
- immune status of host
- general physical health of host
- nutritional status of the host
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what are the factors that alter normal defenses?
- abnormal physical conditions
- systemic disease
- drug therapy
- prostheses and transplants
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what are examples of abnormal physical conditions that alter the normal defenses?
heart valve
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what are some examples of systemic diseases that alter the normal defenses?
diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, leukemia, glomerulonephritis, AIDS
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what are some examples of drug therapy that alter the normal defenses?
steroids, chemotherapeutic agents
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what are some examples of prostheses or transplants that alter the normal defenses
- joint replacement, cardiac proshtesis
- organ transplant
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what are dust borne organisms, how are they set into motion, and how are they controlled?
- large airborne particles
- opening and closing of doors
- surface disinfection
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what is the size of aerosol and what forms do they take?
- less than 50 um and usually less than 5 um
- solid or liquid (usually invisible)
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where do the aerosol particles get trapped when breathed in?
- larger particles in upper respiratory tree
- small particles of 5 um or less, deep into lungs
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what type of airborne infection can be suspended in air for long periods of time?
aerosols
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what is spatter?
- airborne infection that can be seen
- it is larger and heavier then aerosols, it is greater than 50 um
- it sprays on objects floor and people
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what type of airborne infection cannot stay suspended in the air for long periods of time because of its size?
spatter
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what are the origins of aerosols?
- breathing, speaking, coughing, sneezing
- intraoral procedures
- handpieces, ultrasonic, air/water spray
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when is the production of aerosols increased by tremendous proportions?
when using air/water spray (handpieces or ultrasonics)
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what are the contents of aerosols?
- microorganisms-single or clumped
- particles from cavity preparation
- ultrasonic scaling
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where is the concentration of aerosols the greatest and how do aerosols travel?
- greats closes to instrumentation and they get lesser as the distance is increased
- travel with air currents, can go from room to room
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what are 5 ways to prevent transmission of aerosols?
- preprocedural oral hygiene measures
- interruption of transmission
- clean water
- protect clinician
- protect patient
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what are the preprocedural measures to prevent transmission of aerosols?
brush floss and mouthrinse
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what are the methods of interruption of transmission of aerosols?
- rubber dam
- HVE
- manual instrumentation
- ventilation
- housekeeping
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what are the prevention of transmission of aerosols for clean water?
- EPA standards for drinking water
- run water thru the lines
- start of day 2 min
- between pt 30 seconds
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how do you prevent transmission of aerosols for the clinician and the patient
- clinician-PPE masks, eyewear
- patient-eyewear
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