My ACE study cards

IPM is a science based environmentally sound approach to pest control

• 1. Identify the pest
• 2. Establish pest thresholds
• 3. Inspection/monitoring over time
• 4. Good record keeping
• 5. Using multiple pest control tactics
• 6. Gaining the trust/cooperation of the client

• 1. Food source
• 2. Moisture/water source
• 3. Suitable habitat/Harbourage

• Conditions where food, water and habitat help a pest species to survive.
• eg spilled food, water leak

• 1. flashlight
• 2. moisture meter
• 3. IR camera
• 4. flushing agent
• 5. stethescope
• 6. camera/borescope
• 7. magnifiers
• 8. spatula
• 9. collecting vials with alcohol
• 10. canines
• 11. online tools

Frass is debris indicating insect activty such as saw dust and insect parts

Scat is insect or rodent feces

Mud tubes are built by subterrranian termites to maintain nest moisture and protect it from predators

A number of wood boring beetles make characteristic holes as they emerge, the size, shape and type of wood can help[ identify the pest.

Cockroach egg sacs, these can be used to identify the cockroach pest

• The size location and number of exit holes can help ID the ant species.
• Social wasps buid characteristic paper nests out of chewed up wood.

• 1.name of inspector
• 2. Date & Time in/out
• 3. location and pest count or evidence
• 4. map of site, if applicable
• 5. control actions taken
• 6. locations of inaccessible areas
• 7. sanitation or structural concerns 
• 8. onsite hazards
• 9. temp, weather, wind speed for outdoor applications

A sample is the result of a single inspection.

Monitoring a pest population occurs when samples are recorded over a period of time

• Navigating via touch along structural guidelines.
• eg. wall edges, pipes, wires

Pheromone traps use insect emitted chemical substances to lure insects into sticky traps. They are used to monitor and supplement pest control.

• 1. Sex pheromone - used to find as mate
• 2. Aggregation - signals insects to form groups in a communal 
•                          harbourage
• 3. Trail - used to lead others to food sources, esp. ants &                       termites

• passive traps are devices that collect insects without a lure
• eg. sticky trap

• Active traps are devices that actively attract pests with a lure.
• eg baited snap trap, pheromone traps

• pitfall traps are devices that capture insects with the help of gravity and a catch basin they cannot escape from.
• eg BB moat

Light traps us UV to attract and capture flying insects either by electrocution or on a sticky pad.

Light traps should be mounted 4-6 feet above the floor and 12-15 feet from exterior doors. Keep 5' from food preparation areas and only indoors.

• Flies 25 feet
• Moths 100 feet

Thresholds of action occur when pest activty/numbers reach harmful/damaging levels

• 1. health/safety - pests that bite/sting or spread disease - low
• 2. personal - involves individual attitudes to pests - varies
• 3. legal - laws and public safety codes regarding certain pests 
•               in certain locations - low
• 4. economic - how much damage a pest does to a commodity      or business - varies

• 1. quarantine - prevent pest entry
• 2. sanitation - clean food debris
• 3. cultural - clearing clutter to remove harbourages
• 4. exclusion - fixing & sealing gaps and holes
• 5. physical control - change temp, humidity, light, ect to repel 
• 6. mechanical - traps, vacuums
• 7. biological - use living organisms to control pest 
• 8. chemical - substance or mixture to control or repel pests

The means by which an insecticide works to control a pest

Cross resistance occurs where an insect resistant to one type of insecticide, will be resistant to all insecticides with the same mode of action

MOA- affect nerve sodium channels

eg. DDT, chlordane, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, dicofol, endosulfan

Persistant

MOA - uncertain, thought to be a cellular toxin, must be ingested

eg. borax, boric acid, disodium octaborate tetrahydrate

MOA - inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme in the nerve cell 

eg. dichlorvos, malathion, acephate, naled

non-reversible

MOA - inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme in the nerve cell

eg. carbaryl, propoxur

Reversible

MOA - scratching, cutting, drying, suffocating or drowning

eg. Diatomaceous earth, horticultural oils

pesticides derived from a plant

• 1. nicotine - tobacco
• 2. pyrethrins - chrysanthemums
• 3. azadirrachtin - neem tree

MOA - affect nerve sodium channel 

• eg. pyrethrins I & II
•       cinerin I & II
•       jasmolin I & II

Mixed with pyrethrins or pyrethroids to prevent insects from metabolizing and recovering from exsposure to application

• 1. piperonyl butoxide
• 2. MGK-264

MOA - nerve sodium channels

eg. bifenthrin, cyflurin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin

MOA - Nerve cell, bind with niconictic acetylcholine receptors

eg. imidacloprid, thiamexotham, acetamiprid, dinotefuran, clothianidin

MOA - bind to acetylcholine receptors and block GABA gated chlorine channels

eg. spinosad

MOA - inhibit energy production within the cell and block GABA activated chloride channel.

eg. fipronil

MOA - inhibit energy production within the cell

eg. chlorfenapyr

MOA - disrupt GABA activated chloride channels

eg - abamectin, emamectin, benzoate, ivermectin

MOA - disrupt ryanodine receptors, an itercellular calcium channels that play a central role in muscle and nerve function

eg. chlorantraniliprole

MOA - various

eg. Bacillicus thuringiensis (Bt)

MOA - disrupt molting and other developmental processes

eg. methoprine, hydroprene, pyriproxyfen, diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron

• 1. Juvanoids
• 2. Chitin synthesis inhibitors

*only effective against immature stages

MOA - blocks sodium channels

eg. indoxocarb

MOA - various

eg. sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide, phosphine

• The common name is used in everyday language.
• eg. Baking soda

• The trade name is given by the manufactuer.
• eg. arm & hammer baking soda

• The chemical name is the active ingredient. 
• eg. sodium bicarbonate

• 1. contact - takes place through the exoskeleton, spiracles or feet
• 2. ingestion - occurs during bait consumption, grooming, necrophagy, or corprophagy.
• 3. respiration - entry during respiration of fumigants.

* residual

• Half life - insecticides break down over time.
• eg. a 2 hour half life means 50% will be gone in 2 hours, 75% gone in 4 hours, 88% in 6 hours ect

• 1. broadcast
• 2. space
• 3. barrier
• 4. spot
• 5. crack & crevice

• 1. Danger - somtimes with word poison
• 2. Warning
• 3. Caution

• 1. control - stop the leak
• 2. contain - apply absorbant material
• 3. clean up - place sweepings into chemical proof containers for disposal or reuse

• 1. Dermal - most common
• 2. oral
• 3. inhalation
• 4. ocular

• Poisoning signs are the ones YOU see:
• Vomiting, sweating, trembling, convulsions

• Symptoms are those dedscribed by the victim:
• headache, weakness, blurred vision, nausea, diarrhea

• 1. make shure victim no longer exsposed to pesticide.
• 2. Call doctor or ambulance
• 3. apply first aid as directed by container label, or doctor

• 1. scorpions 
• 2. spiders
• 3. mites
• 4. ticks

scorpiones

araneae

acari

• 1. prosoma - (head region) contain the claws
• 2. mesosoma - (abdominal region) contains the legs
• 3. metasoma - the tail and stinger

• 1. cephalothorax - fusion of head & thorax, contains the legs
• 2. abdomen - contains sex organs & spinnerets

chilopoda

diplopoda

• a head with venomous prehensors (claws)
• multiple body segments with 1 pair of legs per segment
• predators of other animals

• Head and multiple body segments with 2 pair of legs per segment
• feed mainly on decaying plant matter

• 1. 6 legs (hexapoda)
• 2. 3 body parts, head, thorax, abdomen
• 3. antennae
• 4. 2 pairs of wings (not all)
• 5. develop through metamorphosis

• means cockroach in latin
• develop through gradual metamorphosis
• Cockroaches
• dorsally flattened and head mostly hidden by pronotum 
• cryptic (secretive)
• related to termites

• means sheathed wings
• complete metamorphosis
• beetles
• larvae (grubs) have 6 legs 
• hardened front wings (elytra0 protect hind wings while burrowing in wet or abrashive enviroments.

• means - glue bolt
• no metamorphosis
• Springtails
• collophore organ regulates water and allows them to stick to surfaces
• spring like tail allows them to jump many times their body length

• means - skin wing
• gradual metamorphosis
• Earwigs
• can fly
• distictive pincers (cerci) at end of abdomen

• means - two wings
• complete metamophosis
• Flies
• hind wings reduced to knob like halteres, used like gyroscopes in flight
• Larvae are legless (maggots)

• means - half wings
• gradual metamorphosis
• True bugs - aphips, bed bugs, leafhoppers
• piercing sucking mouth parts

• means - membranous wing
• complete metamorphosis
• Bees, ants, wasps
• Have a constricted "wasp" waist
• many are social insects

• means equal wings
• gradual metamorphosis
• Termites
• feed on wood
• social insects

• means scaly wings
• complete metamorphosis
• moths and butterflies
• adults are nectar feeders
• Larvae called caterpillars, have 3 pairs of true legs and fleshy claspers called prolegs

• means wingless tube feeder
• complete metamorphosis
• Fleas
• oval, laterally flattened bodies
• enlarged coxae on legs for jumping

• means straight wings
• gradual metamorphosis
• Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
• Long antennae
• thickened forewings protect folded pair of second wings
• females have prominent ovipositor
• males employ stridation (rubbing one body part against another) to produce sound to attract mates

• means bridge insect
• no metamorphosis
• Silverfish, firebrats
• tear drop shaped bodies
• 3 tail like appendages at posterior
• adults continue to molt

the cuticle and are made of chitin

• 1. chewing
• 2. piercing/sucking
• 3. sponging
• 4. siphoning

• 1. Labrum - upper lip
• 2. Mandibles - jaws
• 3. Maxilliae & Palps - manipulate and taste food
• 4. Hypopharynx - tongue
• 5. Labium - lower lip

• 1. Setaceous - Hair like
• 2. Geniculate - elbowed
• 3. Pectinate - 1 sided comb
• 4. Bipectinate - 2 sided comb
• 5. Filiform - thread like stacked cylinders
• 6. Moniliform - bead like
• 7. Lamellate - Plate like lopsided club
• 8. Plumose - feather like
• 9. Serrate - saw like teeth
• 10. Clavate - top end segments form gradual expanding club
• 11. Capitate - top end segments form abrupt club
• 12. Aristate - short oval with hair at top side

Ommatidia

Ocelli

• 1. Coxa - closest to body
• 2. Trochanter - short joint section
• 3. Femur
• 4. Tibia
• 5. Tarsus - the "foot" made of subsegments called tarsomeres

Wingless

• 1. Spiracles
• 2. Tracheae
• 3. Tracheoles

• 1. Neurons
• 2. Soma
• 3. Axon

1. Alimentary canal

• 1. Foregut
• 2. Midgut
• 3. Hindgut

• 1. Egg
• 2. Larvae
• 3. Pupae
• 4. Adult

• 1. Egg
• 2. Nymph
• 3. Adult

A means of reproduction without fertilization from a male

• 1. Scents
• 2. Semiochemicals

• 1. Pheromones
• 2. Allelochemicals

To influence members of the same species

• 1. Alarm
• 2. Trail
• 3. Sex
• 4. Aggregation

Secreted by one species to influence behavior of another species

• 1. Allomones - repel or harm another species
• 2. Kairomones - benefit the receiving species but harms the emitter eg humans emit & attract bed bugs

Eusocial

Pre-social

• 1.Scape
• 2. Funiculus

• 1. Gaster
• 2. Pedicel
• 3. Nodes or Petioles

• 1. Monomorphic
• 2. Dimorphic
• 3. Polymorphic

• 1. 1-2mm - 1/16"
• 2. 3-6mm - 1/8-1/4"
• 3. 7-12mm - >1/4"

• 1. Formicinae
• 2. Dolichoderine
• 3. Myrmecinae

• All are single noded
• All have a round hair fringed anus
• All can spray formic acid

• All single noded
• Slit like anus

• All have 2 nodes
• All posses stingers

• 1. Carpenter ant
• 2. Field ant
• 3. Crazy ant

• 1. Odorous house ants
• 2. Argentine ants
• 3. Ghost ant

• 1. Pharaoh ants
• 2. Red imported fire ants
• 3. Pavement ants

• Polymorphic 1/8-1/2" 4-13mm
• 12 segmented no club antennae
• Smooth rounded thorax
• No spines, 1 node
• Round anus with ring of hair
• Omniverous
• Nest in decaying wood, satelite nests in cavity
• (similar to field ant but their thorax uneven)
• Reproduce by swarming
• CONTROL
• perimeter spray, trim vegetation from touching walls, seal exterior gaps.
• Look for wood frass with insect parts

• Monomorphic 1/16" 2mm
• 12 segmented 3 clubbed antennae
• Abdomen has dark tip
• 2 nodes and a stinger
• Feed on honey dew & protein
• Nest indoors in warm humid areas near food
• (similar to thief ants, they have 10 segment 2 club antennae)
• Reproduce by budding
• CONTROL
• Bait near foraging trails close to entry/exit holes.
• Educate client not to disturb bait stations or treat/remove ants.

• Monomorphic 1/16-1/8" 2-3mm
• Head & thorax grooved with parallel lines
• 12 segmented 3 club antennae
• Spine on thorax, 2 nodes and a stinger
• Omniverous
• Nests indoors in cracks in masonry/cement
• (similar to harvester ant but they have a "beard")
• Reproduce by swarming
• CONTROL
• Treat nest directly
• perimeter treatment of exterior
• Inside treat foraging trails

• Polymorphic 1/16-1/4" 2-6mm
• 10 segmented 2 club antennae
• 2 nodes, stinger
• Prefer high protein food
• Nests in ground, likes to nest next to building foundations
• (similar to pavement ant but has no spine)
• Reproduce by swarming
• CONTROL
• Mound injections
• Broadcast slow acting bait or fast acting bait

• Monomorphic 1/16-1/8" 2-3mm
• 12 segmented no club antennae
• 1 node, uneven thorax, stinger
• Feed on honeydew and protein
• Nest indoors in voids near moisture, outside under bricks, boards ect.
• (ghost ant similar but with lighter abdomen and legs)
• Reproduce by swarming
• CONTROL
• Treat nest directly 
• Exterior perimeter spray
• Baiting

• 1. argentine
• 2. carpenter
• 3. crazy
• 4. ghost
• 5. odorous house
• 6. white footed

• 1. acrobat
• 2. big headed
• 3. little black
• 4. pavement
• 5. pharaoh
• 6. red imported fire 
• 7. thief

• Blattidae - larger
• Blattellidae - smaller

• 2 dark stripes on pronotum
• 1/2-5/8" 13-16mm
• Pronotum yellow/brown
• shun light, do not fly
• Indoors
• Ootheca - yellow/brown 30-50 eggs
•                5/8" 16mm long
•                carried by female to within 1-2 days of hatching
• Egg to adult 2-3 months

• Similar to German cockroach
• 1/2-5/8" 13-16mm 
• pronotum ashy grey
• FLIES and is attracted to light
• Mainly outdoors
• Ootheca - yellow/brown 20-40 eggs
•                3/8" 10mm long
•                carried by female to within 1-2 days of hatching
• Egg to adult 2 months

• 1-3/8-2-1/8" 35-55mm
• Pronotum reddish brown with pale yellow edging
• Flies
• Indoors and outdoors in sewers
• Ootheca - Dark reddish brown 12-18 eggs
•                3/8" 10mm long
•                Not carried by female, drops in moist areas
• Egg to adult 20 months

• 1/2" 13mm
• Pronotum brown with yellow margins
• Only males fly
• Indoors warm areas near ceiling
• Ootheca - reddish brown 14-18 eggs
•                1/4" 6mm long
•                Female glues to objects or ceiling
• Egg to adult 9 months

• 1" 25mm
• Pronotum black
• Does not fly
• Mostly outdoors, indoors cool areas at ground level
• Ootheca - dark red brown 16 eggs
•                1/2" 10mm
•                Female doe not carry, deposits near food source
• Egg to adult 20 months

• 1. workers
• 2. soldiers
• 3. reproductives

The winged reproductives of ants and termites

A termite reproductive that retains some juvenile characteristics

A type of termite soldier that uses chemical secretions from a head gland to entangle or repel attackers

In termites the opening of of the frontal pore on the head, can be used to identify species

The point where termite wings break off after mating

• 1. Mandibles of ST smooth & drywood/dampwood jagged
• 2. Pronotum of ST thinner than its head & drywood/dampwood wider than its head.

• Most common termite genus
• Swarmers dark brown to black
• 3/8" 10mm long
• Swarm during the day
• Soldiers rectangular head
• smooth mandibles

• Most destructive
• Swarmers yellowish
• 1/2" 12-15mm
• Swarm in evening, attracted to light
• Soldiers tear drop shaped heads 
• smooth mandibles

• Live underground
• build mud tubes to connect to wood food sources, protect nest from enemies and keep moisture in

• Live in the wood they eat
• require little moisture
• produce 6 sided fecal pellets

• Most common drywood termite
• Swarmers yellow/brown to reddish brown
• 1/2" 11-13mm long
• Transfered in infested wood
• Soldiers rectangular head
• Jagged mandibles

• Live in the wood they eat
• prefer very moist wood
• produce 6 sided fecal pellets

• Swarmers Dark brown
• 3/8-3/4" 9-19mm long
• Soldiers with rounded heads
• Jagged mandibles

• Physical or chemical barriers
• Remove damaged wood and replace with treated wood
• Directly treat damaged wood
• Bait
• Fumigation

• Reinfest wood
• New and old hardwoods and softwoods
• exit holes round 1/16-1/8"
• adults reddish/brownish/black 1/8-1/4" long
• heads hidden from above by pronotum 
• eg death watch beetle, furniture beetle

• Reinfest wood
• new hardwood
• exit holes round 1/32-1/8"
• adults dark brown 1/8-1/4" long
• Head visable from above
• eg powder post beetle

• Reinfest wood
• new hardwood
• exit holes round 3/32-9/32"
• adults reddish/brown/black with teeth on pronotum, head not visable from above, 1/8-1/4" long
• eg false powder post beetle

• Reinfest wood
• new and old softwood
• exit holes oval 1/4-3/8"
• adults brownish-black with grey hairs, shiny ridge on pronotum 5/8-1" long

• Reinfest wood
• new/old hardwoods and softwoods
• exit holes round 1/16-1/12"
• adults elongated snouts, 1/8-3/16" long

• Do not reinfest wood
• new hardwords and softwoods
• exit holes round 1/50-1/8"

• Do not reinfest wood
• raw hardwoods and softwoods
• exit holes round 1/16-3/32"

• Do not reinfest wood
• raw hardwoods and softwoods
• exit holes oval 1/8-1/2"

• Do not reinfest wood
• raw hardwoods and softwoods
• exit holes round to oval 1/8-3/8"

• Do not reinfest wood
• new hardwood primarily oak
• exit holes round to oval 1/8-1/4"

• Remove and destroy affected wood
• Borate salt solution applied to wood
• Fumigation 
• Heat
• Moisture control

Feed and develop entirely inside the whole seed or kernal

Develop outside the whole seed or kernal

Only attack grains that have been processed or damaged

Infest grain products that are rotten or moldy

• Internal feeder
• brown 1/8" 2-3mm long
• Dense round pits on pronotum
• 4 reddish-yellow marks on corners of elytra 
• attracted to fly lights

• Internal feeder
• reddish-brown to black 3-5mm long
• oval pits on pronotum
• do not fly and are not attracted to lights

• Internal feeders
• pale yellow with fringed wings
• 1/2-5/8" long
• Fly and attracted to lights

• External feeder
• Adults brown 1/16-1/8" 2-3mm lomg
• Elytra have distinct rows of pits
• antennae are 3 clubbed
• Fly and attracted to lights

• External feeder
• Adults brown 1/16-1/8" long
• Elytra smooth 
• antennae serrate
• Fly and attracted to light

• External feeder
• Adults bi-colour bronze at base, tan up top
• 5/8-3/4" long
• fly and attracted to light

• External feeder
• Adult grey, with 2 black zig-zag lines in middle 1" 25mm long
• fly and attracted to light

• External feeder
• Adult mottled grey 1/2-3/4" 13-21mm long
• fly and attracted to lights

• Adults colourful varied pattern on pronotum and elytra
• 2-4mm long
• single ocellus between compound eyes
• Larvae have Hastisetae

Spear shaped hairs on carpet beetle larvae that can affect human health

• Adults dark-brown to black and oval in shape
• Larvae carrot shaped and lack hastisetae and urogomphi

• Adult dark coloured with white underside 
• 1/4-1/2" 6-13mm long
• End of elytra serrated
• Larvae have 2 forward curving urogomphi on 9th segment

Spines at the tail of larvae

• Adults dark coloured with a yellow-white band on elytra
• 1/4-12" 6-13mm long
• Larvae have rearward curving urogomphi

• Adults brown/black with yellow/brown markings on hairy elytra
• 1-3mm long
• single ocellus in middle of head between compound eyes

• Adult vague mottled brown black and hairy
• 2-3mm long

• Scavenger
• Adults reddish-brown
• 3-4mm long
• Tarsal formula 5-5-4 segments
• 3 clubbed antennae
• Fly and attracted to light

• Scavengers
• Adults reddish-brown
• 3-4mm long
• Tarsal formula 5-5-4 segements
• 4 clubbed antennae
• do not fly and attracted to light

• Scavenger
• Adults brown
• 2-3mm long
• area behind eye greater than 1/2 eye diameter
• saw like notches on sides of pronotum
• do not fly and are not attracted to light

• Scavenger
• Adults brown
• 2-3mm long
• area behind eye less than 1/2 eye diameter
• saw like notches on pronotum 
• fly and are attracted to light

• Secondary feeder
• Adults reddish-brown
• 2-3mm long
• pronotum square
• antennae 3 clubbed

• Fabric pest
• Adults golden with red tuft on head
• 1/2" 12mm long
• Adults shun light
• Larvae do not carry a tube like case

• Fabric pest
• Adults brownish 3 dark spots on each forewing
• 3/8-5/8" 10-15mm long
• Adults shun light
• Larvae carry a tube like case

• Rotate stock FIFO
• Heat
• cold
• vacuum
• dry cleaning
• fumigation

• Filth fly
• 1/4" 4-7mm long
• Adults grey with 4 black stripes on the thorax
• hold wings in a V shape over back
• breed outdoors in garbage & manure

• Filth fly
• Look similar to house fly
• Wings fold over back not in V shape
• Breed outdoors in manure & garbage

• Filth fly 
• 1/8-5/8" 4-16mm long
• Metallic body blue to green
• Breed outdoors/indoors in carrion

• Filth fly
• 1/4-7/16" 6-11mm long
• Adults grey with 3 black stripes on thorax
• Breed outdoors/indoors in carrion

• Filth fly
• 5/16" 8mm long
• Adults golden hairs on thorax light and grey areas on abdomen
• Breed outdoors in earthworms

• Exclusion
• Air curtains
• Outdoor lighting use yellow bulbs or sodium vapour lamps located away from door ways 
• Insect light traps
• Microbial drain cleaners
• Sanitation

• Adults abdomen yellow black banded
• Prefer to build grey coloured nests in ground or other voids

• Adults black and white colouring
• Build grey coloured aerial nests in trees sometimes on sheltered exterior areas

• Adults brown with yellow abdominal bands
• Largest wasp, nests brown in colour and prefer tree hollows or other voids

• Adults wasp waist abdomen brownish with yellow bands
• Nests exposed upside down umbrella shape

• Adults 1/4 -1-1/4" 6-30mm long
• blood pool feeders
• can transmit disease

• Midges do not bite
• mosquitoes have scaled vein wings

• 5 instar stages
• require blood meal to molt and lay eggs

• Bat bugs pronotum very wide with long hairs on edge
• Require their own specific host to survive and reproduce

• Adults 3/4 - 1" 18-24mm
• Dark-brown to black with red hash marks around edge of abdomen
• Feed on vertebrate blood
• known as kissing bug as bites human faces around mouth
• Can transmit chagas disease

• Presence of these is considered a health issue and should be referred to a physician
• Adults cannot survive more than 2-5 days off a host
• Eggs can take 10-14 days to hatch so bedding, clothing ect should be cleaned and treated (heat)

• Do not spin webs, what for prey to pass by
• eg trap door spiders

• Move about in search of prey
• eg. jumping spider

• Use silk to build elaborate structures to entice or entangle prey
• eg. orb weavers

• Widow spiders
• Brown recluse

• Dark violin shaped marking on cepholathorax
• 6 eyes arranged in 3 pairs 2-2-2
• 1/4-1/2" long
• like cluttered areas to build retreats
• Venom is necrotic causing a painful slow healing sore

• Venom is injected by wasps, scorpions, spiders ect
• Poison is ingested or absorbed mushrooms some frogs

• Include black and brown widows
• red to orange hourglass marking on underside of abdomen
• adults 1/2" 12-13mm long
• Build irregular 'cobweb' webs 
• prefer sheltered areas near the ground outside
• venom neurotoxin bites cause pain, cramps, nausea, somtimes death

• Globular abdomen dirty white with dark markings
• 3/16 - 5/16" 5-8mm long
• build tangled cobwebs
• Common indoors

• small boddied long thin legs 
• 8 eyes arranged 3-2-3
• 1/16 - 3/8" 2-10mm long
• Build irregular webs 
• Hang in webs upside down
• Carry egg sac in fangs
• prefer cool dark sites, basements, crawlspaces ect

• Brown colour with chevron markings on abdomen
• 8 eyes arranges 2 rows of 4
• 1-1/2 - 2" 40-50mm long
• Build funnel webs
• Not aggressive biters

• Include yellow sac & Agrarian sac spider
• Body pale-yellow
• 8 eyes arranged in 2 rows of 4
• 1/4 -3/8" 5-10mm long
• Active hunters
• Necrotic venom
• Occasional biters

• Hairy body
• Colour dark brown with pale stripe in middle of cephalothorax
• 8 eyes unique arrangement of 4-2-2 bottom to top
• 3/8 - 1-3/8" 9-35mm long
• Active hunters
• Carry egg sacs at end of abdomen
• Not aggressive bitters

• Unique prominent elongated spinnerets
• Colour brown/grey/tan/black
• 1/16 - 7/16" 2-12mm
• Active hunters

• Hairy bodies
• Colour black with pale markings
• 1/8 -3/4" 4-18mm
• 8 eyes 3-2-3 Two large forward facing eyes and 3 eyes each side
• Active hunters

• Legs and area behind head brown-black reddish end
• Hard bodied tick
• 1/8" 2-3mm
• Transmit Lyme disease 
• May to July

• Orangish-brown body, dark reddish-brown legs
• Hard bodied tick
• 1/8" 3mm
• Adults transmit Rocky mountain spotted fever

• Occasionally bite humans but cannot breed off their appropriate host
• Removal of bird and rodent nests and treating area with an approved pesticide

• Only one of medical importance
• Colour light yellow/brown
• 2-1/2" 63mm long
• neurotoxic venom

• Vacuum
• Sticky traps 
• Exclusion
• DEET insect repellent

Mainly live outdoors but come inside accidentally, or when seeking shelter on a temporary seasonal basis

Only found in springtails, play a role in water uptake

A tail like structure that allows springtails to jump

• Shield shaped, brown with white marbling & white ticking on edges of abdomen
• 1/2" 11-14mm
• Overwintering nuisance pest
• can produce unpleasant odour when disturbed

• Black with red markings on edges(similar to milkweed bug that has a distinctive red X on back)
• 1/2" long 
• Feed on maples
• Overwintering nuisance pest
• Feces can stain fabrics

• Brown colour white marks along abdomen edge 
• Wider back legs
• Overwintering nuisance pest
• Can produce an piney odour

• Multiple colours, red, orange, yellow, brown, black
• All have a wide W mark on pronotum behind the head
• 1/4 - 3/8" 6-10mm
• Overwintering nuisance pest

• Colour wide yellow and black stripes on elytra
• 1/4" 5-7mm long
• Overwintering nuisance pest

• Can survive inside
• Colour yellow/brown with 3 dark cross bands on head
• 3/4-7/8" 16-22mm
• can damage cloth and carpets

• Cannot survive indoors
• Colour black
• 1/2- 1-1/8" 13-30mm

• Humped back appearance
• Colour light brown
• 1/2 - 1-1/4" long
• Fabric pest

• Pillbugs roll into balls
• Sowbugs do not roll up and have 2 tail like appendages

• Have aquatic nymphs called Naiads
• Swarm in large numbers, adults do not live long

Chiroptera

Histoplasmisis

• Mice 8-12 feet
• Rats 15-30 feet
• All within 100 feet of a man made structure

• Tail length equal to total body
• Range up to 12 feet from nest
• Gets water needs from food source
• Nests in wall voids and appliances
• droppings 1/8-1/4" and pointed
• Can carry Salmonellosis, leptospirosis, LCM

• Tail has two toned colour
• Generally outdoors larger foraging area than house mouse
• Needs freestanding water
• Nest in sheds and other structures near wooded areas
• droppings 1/8 -1/4" and pointed
• Primary transmitter of hantavirus

• AKA - brown rat, sewer rat
• Tail shorter than entire body
• Range up to 450 feet from nest
• Requires water source 1-2 ounces per day
• Nest outdoors in burrows, indoors wall voids & under floors
• droppings 3/4" blunt
• Can carry rat bite fever, salmonellosis, listeriosis, trichinosis

• AKA - Black rat, fruit rat
• Tail longer than entire body
• Range up to 300 feet from nest
• Requires water source 1-2 ounces per day
• Nest above ground attics, wall voids, trees
• Droppings 1/2 curved and pointed
• Can carry rat bite fever, salmonellosis, listeriosis, trichinosis

• European starling
• House sparrows
• Pidgeons