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Edward's survival in the first 5 years (1461-5) depended upon what?
Crushing the Lancastrian insurrections in the north. (and also Wales) - for this, Edward was greatly indebted to Neville family.
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Where did Herbert crush Lancastrian rebellions, and which castle did he win when?
- ·Wales
- ·Pembroke Castle Won in 1461.
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When did Edward make truces with Scotland and France and why was this a wise decision?
- ·1463
- ·Because Margaret had successfully sought support from Scotland and France before.
- ·The Lancastrians relied heavily on foreign support
- ·Edward's diplomacy proved to be more fruitful than his policy of conciliation.
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What was Edward's main policy towards treating oppositions and especially Lancastrians?
He followed a policy of conciliation with Lancastrian supporters in the hopes to win them over, rather than attempting to crush them or punish them severely.
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Give examples of how Edward was overconfident in dealing with the Lancastrians and how this policy of conciliation did not work.
- ·Sir Ralph Percy: pardoned and restored to most of his land and castles after Towton in 1461. He rebelled against Edward in 1462 again.
- ·Duke of Somerset: also pardoned after 1461, had his castles restored to him and was even shown great friendship by king (eg. access to royal chamber - E relying on charm & personality) - led to the Lancastrian resistance of 1464.
- ·Edward IV's failure to kill off Henry VI after he captured him in 1465 brought him problems later.
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How many Acts of Attainder did Edward pass after Towton 1461? What was the significance of this?
- ·113 Acts of Attainder
- ·Very small number, considering the size of the battle(50,000+)
- ·He should have passed more - not only would this make the Lancastrian opposition weaker, but would also mean more land for Edward to use to gain more political support as patronage.
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Edward still used the lands obtained by his Acts of Attainder mostly as patronage in order to gather political support. Give example of the titles he granted to Warwick.
- ·Warwick made Great Chamberlain
- ·Warden of both the eastern and western Marches
- ·Chief Steward of the Duchy of Lancaster
- ·Admiral of England
- ·Captain of Calais (1461 - 71)
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Who did Edward appoint to lead the campaigns in the North?
Montagu and Warwick
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Which Lancastrian lord campaigned in the north for Edward in 1462, accompanied the king on hunts, shared the royal chamber, had a tournament held in his honour and was even given money by the king whilst he returned to his former status?
Somerset
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What did Edward grant to Sir William Hastings?
- ·Was made king's Chamberlain.
- ·Lots of land in the Midlands
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What year is it said that Edward changed from military to diplomatic operations in Lutkin?
1463
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What did Edward grant to Sir William Herbert?
- ·He was made Virtual Viceroy in south Wales.
- ·An annual income of about 2,400 pounds.
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What Northumbrian castles did Warwick take in the early parts of Edward's reign? When? And what did Edward do on both occasions?
- ·Castles of Alnwick, Bamburgh and Dunstanburgh.
- ·In 1461 and again in 1462.
·On both occasions, Edward, as part of his policy of conciliation, restored castles to their Lancastrian lords.
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Who were the main staunch Lancastrian lords who were mainly in the north?
- ·Duke of Somerset
- ·Sir Ralph Percy
- ·Duke of Exeter
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What/when were the 2 battles that Montagu won in the north successfully? What were the results?
Battle of Hedgeley Moor: Montagu managed to rout a Lancastrian force attempting to disrupt further Yorkist-Scottish negotiations. Sir Ralph Percy killed.
Battle of Hexam: followed up by defeating the main Lancastrian army.
Nearly all the remaining Lancastrian nobles were captured. Nevilles showed no mercy. Duke of Somerset was one of the key individuals who were executed.
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Where was Somerset captured and executed?
Battle of Hexam
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