TEAS Test Preparation

Middle layer of the meninges that acts to cushion the brain

Outermost layer of the meninges. It protects the brain by containing thick, tough, and inextensible connective tissue.

Innermost layer of the meninges. Highly vascularized and supplies the underlying neural tissue (brain cells and spinal cord) with nourishment.

To protect the CNS

Posterior pituitary gland

ADH, by the posterior pituitary gland insufficiently secreting ADH. This causes collecting ducts in the kidneys to have decreased permeability to water. Which results in large volumes of dilute urine.

aka B Lymphocytes. Secrete antibodies. They also present antigens and secrete cytokines. They do NOT directly kill infected or damaged cells

• Cytotoxins.
• WBC.
• Specific antigens. Adaptive.

(Killer cells) directly killing virus-infected cells and cancer cells by producing cytotoxins.

(Helper cells) indirectly killing invading cells by determining and guiding how other parts of the immune system should respond to the perceived threat.

(Suppressor T cells) providing the mechanism called tolerance. Where the immune cells distinguish invading cells by the body’s own cells.

• PTH prompts the bones to release calcium. These glands help to regulate calcium levels within the blood. When calcium levels rise, the parathyroid glands secretes less PTH. As blood calcium levels drop, more PTH is secreted.
• 4.

Melatonin

• Calcitonin.
• The uptake of calcium by the bone.
• When calcium levels are too high, calcitonin stimulates bone cells to take up calcium and inhibits it’s release by the kidneys.

It is the process by which mRNA are translated by ribosomes to produce polypeptide (aka proteins)

When DNA is packed into smaller mRNA molecules.

(Lesser vestibular glands/ paraurethral glands) The Skene glands are only found in females. They sit on the anterior wall of the vagina near the lower end of the urethra. They secrete guild that lubricates the urethral opening. During sexual arousal, the tissue that surrounds them swells.

Only in males. They secrete a fluid that protects the sperm

Vasopressin

Promotes water retention in the kidneys and increases blood pressure.

Hypernatremia, polyurethane, and polydiopsia.

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH), in which the kidneys returns too much water into the venous circulation.

Stratum corneum (Horny layer)

Waterproof and hardened layer of flattened cells that protects underlying tissues from infection, dehydration and other threats.

• Stratum lucidum (Clear Layer)
• A thin clear layer of dead cells evident only in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.

• Stratum granulosum (granular layer)
• A thin layer of cells with proteins that help to bind the cells in the outer layers of the epidermis together.

• Spratum spinosum (Spiny layer)
• A layer of 8-10 cells that synthesize the protein keratin and secrete a waterproofing glycolipid.

Langerhans cells(part of the immune system are in this layer)

• Stratum basale (basal layer)
• A single layer of columnar cells.

• Melanocytes
• Meeker cells (touch receptors)
• Langerhans cells

• Usually found in groin and armpits.
• Produce sweat and scent.

(Merocrine glands) distributed across the skin. Produce salty but diluted sweat.

Make sebum, which supply hair shafts and skin with oily secretions.

Produce some sebum but most produce waxy secretions in the ear canals.

It contracts, which enlarges the thoracic cavity, which lowers its pressure relative to the external environment.

It flattens and returns to its original position, which increases pressure in the thoracic cavity.

Is when a hormone acts on the surface of the cell that produced it

Is when a hormone acts on the internal contexts of the cell that produced it

Is when a hormone acts locally by diffusing from a source cell to nearby target cells

Is when a hormone travels in the bloodstream to distant target cells.

Known as the pace maker of the heart. Produces electrical impulses at regular intervals that pass through cardiac cells and cause atrial contractions.

Connects the atria with the ventricles and helps to coordinate the timing of atrial and ventricular contractions.

Tendons aren’t elastic but they are flexible cords of fibrous collagen tissue that connects muscles to bones.

Ligaments: short bands of fexible fibrous tissue that connect bones or cartilage to each other. They can also hold joints together.

Enzyme released during digestion for the chemical breakdown of starch into sugar.

Enzyme released during digestion for the chemical breakdown of lipids.

Mastication occurs when food is chewed and enzymes are released. Then send down through the esophagus and into the stomach. From there it enters into the small intestine first at the duodenum. It enters from the stomach to the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter.

Interferons are released. They are released in order to produce enzymes that prevent the virus from entering and infecting healthy cells.

blood pH would FALL. This would cause resiratory acidosis. Resulting from an increase in CO2

The left and right coronary arteries

Brachiocephalic truck, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery.

Many brashness, some from the thoracic part and other from the abdominal part.

Serous membrane that work to moisten and reduce friction during respiratory movement into the lunges.

Ridge folds/ layers within the bladder that allow it to expland and fill with urine.

Outermaost layers that gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis and pigment cells

Middle derm later of connective tissues, and red blood cells (((((()))))))))

Innermost derm layer gives rise to the epithelial linings of the GI and Respiratory tract.

The process of using the products from digestion to produce energy and synthesize cellular material.

Zymogenic (chief) cells: that secrete pepsinogen

Parietal (oxyntic) cells that secrete hydrochloride acid

Mucous cells that secrete mucus.

Collectively the secretion of these cells are call gastric juices. The sight, smell and quality of food regulated the secretion of gastric juices.

Passive transport (diffusion) , substance moves from higher concerntration to lower concentration region.

Does NOT require energy

A substance is pushed from a lower concentration region to a higher concentration region.

The cell MUST provide metabolic energy for active transport to occur.

• A hormones released by the parasympathetic nervous system, which works in order to decrease the heart rate.
• So in cardiac muscles acetylcholine has a relaxing effect.
• Acetylcholine works the opposite with striated/skeletal muscles. Acetylcholine causes striated/muscles sales to contract.

Hormone used by the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate

• Location: atop the kidneys
• Function(s):Regulated heart rate and blood pressure
• Hormone(s): Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol

• Location:Beneath the brain, below the thalamus
• Function(s): Links nervous system to endocrine system via pituitary gland, controls autonomic functions
• Hormone(s): Neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit pituitary hormone secretions.

• Location: Neck
• Function(s):Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones
• Hormone(s): PTH

• Location: Brain
• Function(s): Regulates sleep patterns
• Hormone(s): Melatonin

• Location: Below the hypothalamus , at the base of the brain
• Function(s): Controls growth and development, metabolism, energy management, and sex organ function
• Hormone(s): TSH, adrenocoricotropic hormones (FSH), Luteinizing hormone, Prolactin, and growth hormone.

• Location: Below the hypothalamus, at the base of the brain
• Function(s): Regulate blood pressure, labor contractions, milk production
• Hormone(s): ADH and oxytocin

• Location: Front of the neck
• Function(s): Regualted growth and metabolism
• Hormone(s): Thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

• 1. Question about obersved data
• 2. Do Research on topic
• 3. Make Hypothesis
• 4. Experiment to test hypothesis
• 5. Analyze data from experiment and draw conclusions
• 6. Report
• 7. Evaluate

Changing shape and changing volume

Changing shape but fixed volume

Fixed shape and fixed volume