SPI Registry Review

The location of the US beam where the diameter is the most narrow: 
A. Focal  depth
B. Focal zone
C. Focal length
D. Focus

The Focal Zone is the region around the focus where the beam is:
A. 1/4 the beam diameter of the transducer
B. relatively narrow
C. 1/2 the beam diameter of the transducer
D. the narrowest

_____ has half of its portion located in the Freznel Zone and half of its portion located in the Fraunhofer Zone.
A. Focal Zone
B. Focal Depth
C. Focal Point
D. Focal Length

According to the Doppler equation, for any given velocity, the frequency shift will increase be increasing the:
A. Doppler angle
B. Pulse Length
C. Pulse Repetition Frequency
D. Transmit frequency

Which of the following predicts the onset of turbulent flow?
A. Continuity Rule
B. Aliasing
C. Concentration of energy 
D. Reynolds number

While evaluating arteries in the body with color Doppler, you are unable to obtain signals from the deeper vessels. What should you do to enhance you ability to demonstrate deep flow? 
A. Decrease the packet size
B. Increase the pulse repetition frequency
C. Decrease the US frequency
D. Increase the scan line density

Which of the following helps to improve the axial resolution in a B-mode image?
A. Increase dynamic range
B. Use focusing with an acoustic lens
C. Increase the aperture size
D. Increase the band width

What is the direction of blood flow in this video? 
A. unable to determine flow direction
B. right to left
C. left to right

Steered to the right, no color scale, determines flow, but no direction. Power doppler.

Noise arising from small amplitude sound waves interfering with each other is called what? 
A. Ghosting
B. Acoustic speckle
C. Reverberations
D. Aliasing

What appears as very small amplitude echoes from electrical interference that affects low level echolucent areas?
A. noise
B. shadowing
C. multipath
D. ghosting

How many bits are required to display 15 different shades of gray?
A. 3 bits
B. 8 bits
C. 4 bits
D. 10 bits

Line density in a rectangular image is:
A. the number of scan lines per second
B. the number of scan lines per centimeter
C. the number of scan lines per piezoelectric crystal
D. the number of scan lines per degree

Which of the following will have the greatest improvement of temporal resolution?
A. Double the line density and decrease depth by half
B. Decrease depth from 10cm to 5cm and reduce scan lines by half 
C. Double the persistence and scan structures more shallow
D. Change frequency from 3MHz to 6MH and decrease the line density by half

Which of the following is the most appropriate response when a patient refuses an exam?
A. Convince the patient that the doctor really wants the exam and proceed. 
B. Immediately stop the exam and leave. 
C. Place restraints and/or sedation and proceed with the examination.
D. Ignore the patient's request and continue as planned. 

The two most common color maps used in color flow imaging are:
A. variance and direct
B. turbulent and variance
C. variance and velocity
D. power and velocity

The velocity scale on the color map is 17 cm/s. If the flow direction is at zero degrees to the sound beam axis, the colors on either end of the bar would represent: 
A. a peak velocity of 7 cm/s
B. an average velocity of 17 cm/s 
C. a peak velocity above 17 cm/s
D. a peak velocity below 17 cm/s

You are performing 3D US and notice the volume rate is 8 Hz. What does this represent?
A. Number of received pulses per minute
B. Number of volumes displayed per second
C. Number of transmitted sound pulses per second
D. Number of frames per second

How many frames must be presented for the human eye to perceive the display without flickering? 
A. 100
B. 30
C. 10
D. 200

A "word" is composed of how many bytes?
A. 16
B. 8
C. 2
D. 10

Which is a binary number?
A. 12211221
B. 01010102
C. 98765432
D. 10000000

What is the smallest amount of digital storage called?
A. Pixel
B. Bistable
C. Byte
D. Bit

When an ultrasound system creates an image in 1/20 of a second, what will be the frame rate?
A. 0.20 MHz
B. 0.20 Hz
C. 20 Hz
D. 20 MHz

Which will improve temporal resolution? 
A. More pulses per scan line
B. Low line density
C. Longer go-return time
D. Longer time frame (Tframe)

Which describes a narrow dynamic range?
A. low contrast
B. bistable
C. low compression
D. gray scale

_____ is the number of oscillations per unit of time. 
A. The frequency of the sound wave
B. The magnitude of the pressure changes
C. The speed at which sound propagates through a given medium
D Attenuation

Sonographic images are usually compressed before sending to PACS in order to: 
A. Preserve measurements with the image data
B. Increase the real-time image frame rate
C. Reduce the time to transmit the image
D. Increased the spatial resolution of the image

What is the smallest amount of computer memory?
A. Pixel
B. Bit
C. Bistable
D. Byte

Which of the following is true regarding write magnification?
A. The image is converted from digital to analog form
B. The US system scans the anatomy and displays only the original data
C. The number of pixels and scan lines increase
D. This is a form of postprocessing

Which of the following will create fewer pulses?
A. Backing material
B. Single focus
C. High line density
D. Multi focus

Transducers used in therapeutic US have a :
A. high quality factor
B. low quality factor
C. contain a backing layer
D. Have a wide bandwidth

Spatial resolution is also known as:
A. Detail Resolution
B. Line Density Resolution
C. Pixel Resolution
D. Frame Rate Resolution

Pixel density is the number of picture elements per:
A. cubic meter
B. centimeter
C. inch
D. square inch

What is the order in which the signal travels in the US system?
A. transducer, receiver, display, scan converter
B. scan converter, receiver, transducer, display
C. scan converter, transducer, receiver, display
D. transducer, receiver, scan converter, display

When you "freeze" the US image, where is the echo information stored?
A. scan converter
B. transducer
C. beam former
D. receiver

Selective reception of echoes generated within the body of nonlinear propagation describes:
A. compound imaging
B. tissue harmonic imaging
C. speckle reduction imaging
D. tomographic ultrasound imaging

Which artifact is associated with resonance of a gas bubble?
A. refraction
B. grating lobes
C. comet-tail
D. ring-down

_____ is a new way of displaying diagnostic information contained in a static or dynamic 3D dataset.
A. tomographic ultrasound imaging
B. speckle reduction imaging
C. tissue harmonic imaging
D. compound imaging

LATA stands for:
A. longitudinal, angular, transverse, azimuthal
B. longitudinal, axial, transformation, azimuthal
C. lateral angular, transverse, azimuthal
D. low, angular, transverse, azimuthal

3D imaging is sometimes called what?
A. 4D imaging
B. tomographic imaging
C. trapezoidal imaging
D. compound imaging

All of the following are synonyms for main frequency EXCEPT:
A. bandwidth
B. center
C. resonant
D. primary

The thickness of the matching layer is:
A. 1/2 the wavelength of the backing layer
B. 1/2 the wavelength of the transducer
C. 1/4 the wavelength of the backing layer
D. 1/4 the wavelength of the transducer

What is the time needed to make a single image if the frame rate of ultrasound system is 50 Hz?
A. 5 seconds
B. 50 seconds
C. 50 milliseconds
D. 0.02 seconds

How many frames are created per second using 100 Hz?
A. 100 frames/second
B. 1000 frames/second
C. 0.01 frames/second
D. 100,000 frames/second

Which is an advantage of coded excitation?
A. penetration
B. improved lateral resolution
C. shorter pulse repetition period
D. improved temporal resolution

Which of the following determines the frequency of sound created by a pulse wave transducer?
A. The electrical signal created by the ultrasound system
B. Whether the crystals are natural or man-made
C. The number of crystals
D. The thickness and speed of the crystals

Which of the following are characteristics of low frequency pulsed wave transducers?
A. Thick crystals with lower PZT speeds
B. Thin crystals with lower PZT speeds
C. Thick crystals with higher PZT speeds
D. Thin crystals with higher PZT speeds

A voltage ratio of 1000 to 1 would result in a dynamic range of:
A. 40 dB
B. 1000 dB
C. 60 dB
D. 0.001 dB

The AIUM maximum intensity limit set for a sound beam is: 
A. Need to know if the so9und beam is focused or unfocused first
B. 100 W/cm2
C. 100 mW/cm2
D. 1 W/cm2

Which of the following will reduce blood viscosity?
A. Anemia
B. Decreasing the length of a vessel
C. A hematocrit value of 45%
D. Increasing the diameter of a vessel

Which of the following does NOT affect the number of pulses in a single image?
A. Sector size
B. Line density
C. The number of scanning lines
D. The maximum scanning depth

The AIUM maximum intensity limi set for unfocused sound is:
A. 1000 mW/cm2
B. 1W/cm2
C. 100 W/cm2
D. 0.1 W/cm2

Temporal resolution is affected by all of the following except:
A. Imaging depth
B. The time necessary to create each image
C. Pulse inversion
D. The number and size of the pixels in the image

Sound will travel slower in:
A. regions of compression
B. a linear sound wave behavior
C. areas where the bulk modulus has a smaller value
D. regions of refraction

In order to use contrast enhancing agent, which of the following below is not required?
A. Must be safe
B. Must be small enough to pass through arterioles
C. Must be a strong reflector of ultrasound
D. Must be metabolically inert

A low mechanical index creates:
A. strong harmonics
B. resonance
C. backscatter
D. non-linear behavior

Which is directly related to patient exposure?
A. dynamic range
B. output power
C. receiver gain
D. contrast agents

What part of the image is degraded when the image is too bright due to high output power?
A. range and axial resolution
B. temporal resolution
C. lateral and longitudinal resolution
D. pixels and spatial resolution

Which of the following is NOT adjustable by the operator? 
A. compression
B. demodulation
C. compensation
D. rejection
E. amplification

Which of the following will improve the ability to measure the meximum velocity Doppler? 
A. Decrease the PRF
B. Eliminate aliasing
C. Increase the PRP
D. Use a transducer with one crystal

Which is true regarding pulse wave Doppler? 
A. Pulse wave Doppler have echoes arising from the entire length of the overlap between the transmit and the receive beams
B. Pulse eave Doppler NEVER encounters range ambiguity
C. Pulse wave Doppler utilizes two crystals, one to transmit and one to receive
D. Pulse wave Doppler can measure very high velocities accurately

How many bits are required to display 14 different shades of gray?
A. 8
B. 4
C. 2
D. 10

So far, there is minimal evidence that cavitation really occurs in diagnostic US. Current data indicates that cavitation can occur in mammals at SPTP intensities exceeding: 
A. 100 mW/cm2
B. 1000 W/cm2
C. 3500 W/cm2
D. 1 W/cm2

What is the highest output intensity used in US?
A. pulsed doppler
B. gray scale imaging
C. 3D imaging
D. color doppler

The portion of the TGC curve that compensates for the effects of increasing attenuation that result from increasing path length is called:
A. far gain
B. slope
C. near gain
D. knee

Which of the following does not belong with the group?
A. suppression
B. rejection
C. rectification
D. threshold

The process of converting electrical signals within the receiver to a suitable form for CRT is called what? 
A. amplification
B. compression
C. compensation
D. demodulation

The AIUM maximum intensity limit set for focused sound is:
A. 1000 W/cm2
B. 1 W/cm2
C. 0.1 W/cm2
D. 100 W/cm2

Unfocused beams are:
A. more likely to cause temperature elevation in tissue 
B. only related to temperature elevation in non-living objects
C. less likely to cause temperature in tissue 
D. have never been correlated with temperature elevation in tissue

The difference between the far gain and the knee on the TGC curve is: 
A. Far gain indicates the maximum compensation that the receiver can provide and the knee represents the maximum reflections that can be compensated by the US system. 
B. Far gain indicates the maximum compensation that the switch can provide and the knee represents the maximum reflections that can be compensated by the beam former.
C. Far gain indicates the maximum compensation that the US system can provide and the knee represents the maximum reflections that can be compensated by the receiver. 
D. Far gain indicates the maximum compensation that the beam former can provide and the knee represents the maximum reflections that can be compensated by the switch.

What is the BEST way to eliminate this artifact?
A. decrease the pulse repetition frequency
B. adjust the TGC's
C. decrease the sector angle 
D. increase the number of scanning lines 

All of the following modes has n x-axis that represents depth EXCEPT: 
A. A-mode
B. M-mode
C. B-mode

Any exam that causes an elevation in temperature of _____ may be used without reservation.
A. more than 35.6 degrees Fahrenheit
B. more than 2 degrees Celsius
C. less than 40 degrees Fahrenheit
D. less than 2 degrees Celsius 

What is happening to the spectral waveform as it traverses across the screen on the right side?
A. The reject was adjusted too high
B. The spectral gain was adjusted too low
C. The scanning angle increased to 90 degrees 
D. The wall filter was adjusted too high

Sound will travel faster in:
A. regions of rarefaction
B. a linear sound wave behavior
C. in areas that are less compressible and with less elasticity 
D. regions of compression

Which of the following describes the mechanistic approach for study techniques involving biologic effects?
A. identify "exposure-response" relationship
B. correlate exposure and effects
C. theoretical analysis to estimate scope of bioeffects at various exposures
D. acquire/review data from patients or animals 

Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. shear stresses
B. transient cavitation
C. inertial cavitation
D. normal 

Which of the following will create beam steering?
A. electronic triangular shaped firing pattern
B. electronic "D-shaped" firing pattern 
C. electronic slope
D. electronic curvature

Which does not belong with the group? 
A. depth gain compensation
B. receiver gain
C. time gain compensation
D. swept gain

Which does not belong with the group?
A. high duty factor
B. shallow imaging
C. short pulse repetition period
D. low pulse repetition frequency

Which does not belong with the group?
A. compression
B. log compression
C. dynamic range
D. suppression 

The best epidemiological studies are:
A. retrospective and observational
B. retrospective and controlled
C. prospective and randomized
D. prospective and designed

A high mechanical index:
A. does not create harmonics
B. is created by linear behaviors
C. is created from the lowest frequency of sound
D. is low beam strength

The portion of the TGC curve responsible for indicating the maximum amount of compensation that the receiver can provide is known as:
A. knee
B. far gain
C. near gain
D. slope

What is the least output intensity used in US?
A. color doppler
B. pulsed doppler
C. 3D imaging
D. gray scale

Focused beams are:
A. only related to temperature elevation in non-living objects
B. less likely to cause temperature elevation in tissue
C. more likely to cause temperature elevation in tissue
D. have never been correlated with temperature elevation in tissue

All of the following modes has a y-axis EXCEPT: 
A. M-mode 
B. B-mode
C. A-mode

The problem with thermal mechanism is: 
A. fetal soft tissue close to the near beam are of great concern
B. fetal soft tissue adjacent to vital organs are of great concern
C. fetal soft tissue adjacent to bone are of great concern
D. fetal soft tissue adjacent to the focal point of the beam are of great concern

The mechanical index is more likely to cause cavitation with:
A. higher pressures and lower frequencies
B. lower pressures and lower frequencies
C. lower pressures and higher frequencies
D. higher pressures and higher frequencies

Which of the following does not belong with the group?
A. highly localized
B. shear stresses 
C. microstreaming 
D. bubbles do not burst

Which of the following regulates system and transducer outputs?
A. nuclear regulatory commission
B. the food and drug administration
C. the environmental protection agency
D. world health organization

Refraction = edge shadowing
Reflection = mirror image

*know what they look like on US

What transducer has the greatest Doppler shift?
A. Cos 1
B. Cos 0.5
C. Cos 0

Which is known as the effects of the medium upon a sound wave?
A. acoustic propagation properties
B. biologic effects
C. thermal index
D. mechanical index

Which uses multiple US pulses to accurately determine red blood cell velocities by Doppler?
A. Ensemble length
B. Pulse Wave Doppler
C. Autocorrelation
D. Fast Fourier transform

Which has the most effect on color jet size?
A. pulse repetition frequency
B. output power
C. color doppler gain
D. mechanical index

Sound travels:
A. in a straight line
B. in the form of a transverse wave
C. in a sine wave before traveling through tissue
D. in a vacuum

During a Doppler exam, flows in an adjacent artery and vein are measured simultaneously. What will you hear in the right ear cup of your headphone?
A. pulsatile flow
B. turbulent flow
C. parabolic flow
D. venous flow

What is the name of the flat flow profile that is seen at the entrance of vessels?
A. parabolic flow
B. plug flow
C. pulsatile flow
D. turbulent flow

Which is seen with continuous wave instrumentation?
A. transducer frequency matches that of the oscillator
B. very short pulses are used
C. sample depth can be determined by a range gate
D. aliasing limits velocity measurements

Which will NOT eliminate aliasing?
A. increasing the frequency shift above the Nyquist limit
B. decreasing the sample depth
C. increasing the Nyquist limit above the frequency shift
D. increasing the PRF

When a reflector moves toward the transducer, what will happen to the reflected frequency?
A. decrease
B. increase
C. need more information
D. will not change

Which has to be increased in order to see an increase in flow volume?
A. resistance
B. viscosity
C. vessel length
D. pressure difference

Adjusting which will have no effect on the measured frequency shift?
A. flow velocity
B. operating frequency
C. amplitude
D. propagation speed

What is the point at which Reynolds number predicts turbulence? 
A. 2000
B. 1200
C. 500
D. 4000

In an exercising patient, what is the response to peripheral resistance with arteriolar dilatation?
A. There is no change in peripheral resistance
B. The peripheral resistance decreases
C. The peripheral resistance increases
D. Peripheral resistance would decrease but only in presence of disease

If line density increases from 5 lines to 10 lines and the depth changes from 10cm to 5cm, what happens to temporal resolution?
A. increases
B. no way to determine
C. unaffected
D. decreases

What does a backing layer do?
A. protects the patient from electrical shock as ultrasound transmits into the body
B. reduces ringing of the returning pulse by restricting the extent of the PZT deformation
C. provides a channel between the PZT and the US system causing ultrasonic waves with vibration
D. provides similar impedance to the PZT crystal allowing the pulse to move away from the patient

Color Doppler provides what type of information?
A. mean velocities
B. direction and mean velocity
C. peak velocities
D. magnitude and speed

What is inertia and what does it describe?
A. Energy in a system never changes but may change to a different form that describes attenuation
B. an object in motion stays in motion until acted upon an external force and describes the density of a media
C. flow is equal to the difference in pressure in a vessel that describes resistance and flow
D. increase in velocity must be accompanied by a corresponding decrease in pressure that describes stenotic flow