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Atom
the smallest stable units of matter
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Proton
atoms with a positive electrical charge
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Neutron
atoms that are electrically neutral
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Electron
atoms with a negative electrical charge
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Atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
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Atomic mass
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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Isotope
different forms of the same element with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons
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Ion
atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge
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Cation
an ion with a positive charge
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Anion
an ion with a negative charge
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Molecule
any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Ionic bond
chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions
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Non-polar covalant bond
involve an equal sharing of electrons
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Polar covalent bond
involve an unequal sharing of electrons
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Hydrogen bond
the attraction between an hydrogen atom and a negative bond on an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom
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Hydrophilic
molecules that interact readily with water
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Hydrophobic
molecules that do not interact readily with water
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Anabolism
the synthesis reaction; to build
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Catabolism
the decomposition reaction; the break down
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Enzyme
proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy
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Coenzyme
a protein that has a specific function binds with another enzyme to form a system
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Activiation energy
the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Nutrient
the essential elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet
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Metabolite
a much larger group that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions
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Organic molecule
always containing carbon and/or hydrogen
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pH
the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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pH scale
a scale to show the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
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Acid
a solution with a pH of below 7; more H+ ions than HO- ions
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Base
a solution with a pH of above 7, more HO- ions than H+ ions
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Carbohydrate
an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
a carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms
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Glucose
the most important metabolic "food" in the body (C6H12O6)
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Polysaccharide
formed from repeated hydration sythesis of sugars creating long chains
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Protein
long chains of amino acids that perform essential functions
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Amino acid
the building blocks of protein; with an amino group and carboxylic acid group (thus, amino acid)
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Peptide bond
a covalent bond between the carboxylic acid of 1 amino acid to another group
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Lipid
fats; contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but 1:2 ratio between carbon & hydrogen
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Fatty acid
long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached
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Cholesterol
a steroid that is responsible for some essential functions
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Steroid
large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework
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Nucleic acid
large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus; functions include storing and processing information at the molecular level
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
manufacture specific proteins from information provided by DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
determines a large number of functions and characteristics
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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a high energy compound which stores cellular energy in high energy bonds
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