chemistry_review.txt

the smallest stable units of matter

atoms with a positive electrical charge

atoms that are electrically neutral

atoms with a negative electrical charge

the number of protons in an atom

the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

different forms of the same element with same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

atoms or molecules that carry an electric charge

an ion with a positive charge

an ion with a negative charge

any chemical structure consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds

chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between cations and anions

involve an equal sharing of electrons

involve an unequal sharing of electrons

the attraction between an hydrogen atom and a negative bond on an oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine atom

molecules that interact readily with water

molecules that do not interact readily with water

the synthesis reaction; to build

the decomposition reaction; the break down

proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy

a protein that has a specific function binds with another enzyme to form a system

the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

the essential elements and molecules normally obtained from the diet

a much larger group that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions

always containing carbon and/or hydrogen

the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

a scale to show the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

a solution with a pH of below 7; more H⁺ ions than HO^- ions

a solution with a pH of above 7, more HO^- ions than H⁺ ions

an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

a carbohydrate containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms

the most important metabolic "food" in the body (C₆H₁₂O₆)

formed from repeated hydration sythesis of sugars creating long chains

long chains of amino acids that perform essential functions

the building blocks of protein; with an amino group and carboxylic acid group (thus, amino acid)

a covalent bond between the carboxylic acid of 1 amino acid to another group

fats; contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but 1:2 ratio between carbon & hydrogen

long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached

a steroid that is responsible for some essential functions

large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon framework

large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus; functions include storing and processing information at the molecular level

manufacture specific proteins from information provided by DNA

determines a large number of functions and characteristics

a high energy compound which stores cellular energy in high energy bonds