When we face an issue and are challenged to make a stand, it is necessary for us to support it with ________
logical arguments.
Generally, supporting evidence includes the following:
Factual Knowledge
Statistical Inferences
Informed Opinion
Personal Testimony
information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone
Factual Knowledge
interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts
Statistical Inferences
opinion developed through research and/or experiences of the claim
Informed Opinion
personal experience related by a knowledgeable party
Personal Testimony
T or F. You have to use all of the sources of evidences in your paper.
False
You do not have to use all of the above supporting evidence in your paper. This is simply a list of various options available to you.
________ in presenting your view point also plays a vital role in convincing them that your argument is valid and defensible.
readers
T or F. In Analyzing an Issue and Defending an Argument, start conceptualizing at least eight distinct positions.
False
At least 2 distinct positions
To Ensure that your position is well supported. Listing the _______ sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims along with the list of supporting evidences for both sides.
pro and con
guide questions that will help you discover information that you can use to build common ground between you and your readers: (5)
1. Who is your audience?
2. What do they believe?
3. Where do they possibly stand on the issue?
4. How are their interest involved?
5. What evidences is likely to be effective with them?
It should always be carefully defended with good reasoning and supported by plenty of research.
Writing an Argument
Part of learning to _______ is finding reliable sources or other documents that lend credibility to your position.
write an argument
T or F. The goal of an argument is not to win a debate but to make a claim and support it with credible reasoning and evidences.
True
T or F. Make sure you will compromise readers understanding along the process.
False
you will not
(1)______ , a document publicly declaring the position or program of its issuer. A (2)______ advances a set of ideas, opinions, or views, but it can also lay out a plan of action. While it can address any topic, it most often concerns art, literature, or politics. Manifestos are generally written in the name of a (3)______ sharing a common perspective, ideology, or purpose rather than in the name of a single individual.
1. Manifesto
2. manifesto
3. group
An (1)_______ is usually a main idea, often called a “claim” or “ (2)________,” backed up with (3)______ that supports the idea.
1. argument
2. thesis statement
3. evidence
A (1)______ defines your paper’s goals, direction, scope, and is supported by evidence, quotations, argumentation, expert opinion, statistics, and telling details. A (1)______ must be (2)_______. When you make a claim, you are (3)_______ for a certain interpretation or understanding of your subject. Claims are, essentially, the (4)_______ that writers or speakers use to prove their point.
1. claim
2. argumentative
3. arguing
4. evidence
(1)_______ is information not stated in the argument that has to be true in order for the argument’s logic to hold. Simply put, an (1)_______ is something an argument takes for granted in reaching its conclusion.
1. Assumption
Steps in identifying assumptions:
- Identify the (1)______ of the argument
- Identify what is (2)_______ in the authors (3)______
1. conclusion
2. stated
3. reasoning
_______ is the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
Evidence
______ is a kind of academic writing in which the student researches a controversial issue and writes a paper that explains his/her stand or viewpoint on it.
position paper
Like a debate, a ________ presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue.
position paper
It is based on facts that provides a solid foundation for your arguments.
Position Paper
It is a critical analysis of current facts, data, and research literature.
Position Paper
T or F. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible.
True
According to (1)______ (2018), a (2)______ is one where an author chooses a side on a particular topic and builds up a case for your opinion or position.
1. Fleming
2. position paper
_______ is a detailed report that recommends a course of action on a particular issue.
position paper
T or F. Position papers are written for the purpose of generating support regarding a particular stand/ idea
True
T or F. The fundamental goal of a position paper is only to present your stand on an issue/idea
False
but also to determine how your stance is related to the arguments of others
Parts of a Position Paper
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
presents the issue while grabbing the attention of readers.
Introduction
This is where you define the issues and discuss its background.
Introduction
This is where you provide a general statement of your position via your thesis statement.
Introduction
This is where you state your main arguments.
Body
This is where you provide sufficient evidence for each argument such as statistical data, interviews with experts, and testimonies.
Body
This is where you provide counterarguments against the possible weaknesses of your arguments.
Body
This is where you restate your position and main arguments.
Conclusion
This is where you suggest a course of action.
Conclusion
This is where you state what makes your position paper superior and more acceptable,
Conclusion
This is where you end with a powerful closing statement such as quotation, a challenge, or a question.
Conclusion
_______ is flexible, but it should generally follow a simple flow that clearly conveys the problem and the position of the author(s)
structure of a position paper
T or F. A position paper should begin by clearly stating the problem and its relevance to the scientific community or even to the society as a whole. It should then address the main position of the author
True
In the structure of a position paper. It should then address the main position of the author
Background
Relevance
Position
T or F. The author should clearly list the complex arguments and possible objections against this position.
False
List the common arguments
T or F. A strong position paper does not mind the validity of the counterarguments and then puts forth reasons why the author’s position is still the correct one.
False
A strong position paper acknowledges the validityof the counterarguments
T or F. You should summarize your main points and re-state your position in your conclusion.
True
T or F. All arguments in the paper should not be backed up by facts, data, and evidence, with proper citation attributed to your sources.
False
It shoud be backed up
T or F. a position paper has a big different from an ordinary research paper
False
It has no difference
T or F. In you conclusion you can include a brief literature review in your discussion of the background of the issue. While such a literature review is not essential, it can make your paper stronger.
True
Choosing an Issue
1. The issue should be (1)_______. You cannot take any position if the topic is not (1).
2. The issue should be (2)____and______.
3. The issue should be written in a (3)_____ form and answerable by (4)_______.
4. The issue should be (5) ______ and______.
