-
1. Best method of diagnosiing acute appendicitis is:
a. Barium meal b. History c. X-ray abdomen d. Physical examination
-
2. True regarding pott’s puffy “ tumor” is:
a. Frontal bone osteomyelitis with overlying soft tissue swelling_x000D_b. Swelling of ankle associated with pott’s fracture _x000D_c. Swelling associated with pott’s spine _x000D_d. Malignant tumor of scalp
-
3. Ramsdt’s operation is done for:
a. Annular pancreas b. Achalasia cardia _x000D_c.carcinma stomach d. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis of infants
-
4. Projective vomiting and visible peristalsis in upper abdomen in the 1st month of life is most commonly due to:
a. Duodenal ileus b. Annular pancreas _x000D_c.Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis d. Malrotation of gut
-
5. In infancy pyloric stenosis should be treated with:
a. Heller’s myotomy b. Medical treatment c. Ramstedt’s operation d. Gastrojejunostomy
-
6. Bilious vomiting is not seen in:
a. Pyloric stenosis b. Duodenal atresia _x000D_c.Volvulus of small intestine d. Jejunal atresia
-
7. A 26 year old infant presents with non-bilious projectile vomiting, constipation and rabbit like pellet stol. He has:
a. Choledichal cyst b. Esophageal atresia c. Duodenal atresia d. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
-
8. False regarrding hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is:
a. X-ray abdomen shows gastric dilation and minimum air in small intestine_x000D_b. Usg is not helpful in diagnosis _x000D_c. Common in boys _x000D_d. Usually presents between 2-8 years
-
9. Hypertrophic Pyloric stenosis is ideally treated with:
a. Ryle’s tube and fluids b. Wait and watch c. Pyloromyotomy d. Pyloroplasty
-
10. In which of the following conditions, triad of pain in abdomen , jaundice and melena is seen :
a. Acute pancreatitis b. Hemobilia c. Gallbladdr carcinoma d. Acute cholecystitis
-
11. Not a feature of hemobilia :
a. Jaundice b. Abdominal pain c. Gastrointestinal bleeding d. Fever
-
12. Hemobilia occurs most commonly due to:
a. Cholengitis b. Gallstone c. Trauma d. Liver abscess
-
13. In 3rd degree piles, the treatment of choice is:
a. Hemorrhoidectomy b. Cryosurgery c. Banding d. Injection treatment
-
14. Th etreatment of choice of 2nd degree piles is:
a. Surgery b. Banding c. Cryosurgery d. Sclerotherapy
-
15. Most common cause of bleeding per rectum in men between 20-40 years of age is:
a. Fissure in ano b. Internal heemorrhoids c. Rectal polyp d. Rectal carcinoma
-
16. Following hemorrhoidectomy th emost common complication is:
a. Urinary retention b. Infection c. Hemorrhage d. Fecal impaction
-
17. False regarding hemorrhoids is:
a. They are arterriolar dilatations _x000D_b. They are common causes of painless bleeding _x000D_c. They cannot be palpated per rectally_x000D_d. Discharge, pain and anemia are other symptoms
-
18. A neonate presents with dribbling of saliva. The diagnosis is:
a. Choanal atresia b. Tracheoesophageal fistula _x000D_c.Duodenal atresia d. Esophageal atresia
-
19. A neonate regurgitates first and subsequent feeds. Diagnosis is:
a. Presbyoesophagus b. Scleroderma c. hypertrophic pyloric stenosis d. Esophageal atresia
-
20. Which of the following is the most common type of congential atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula:
a. Both segment ends blindly_x000D_b. Both segment opening into trachea _x000D_c. Upper ssegment opening into trachea and lower end is blind_x000D_d. Lower segment opening into trachea and upper end is blind
-
21. In which of the following condition, nicoladoni’s of Branham’s sign is seen:
a. Arteriovenous fistula(AVF) b. Deep vein thrombosis_x000D_c.Raynaud’s diasease d. Buerger’s disease
-
22. Common cause of uniteral hypertrophy and local gigantism is:
a. Lipomatosis b. Bone tumor c. AV fistula d. Neurofibromatosis
-
23. In which fo the following carcinoma of thyroid, lymphatic node metastasis is seen:
a. Anaplastic b. Follicular c. Medullar d. Papillary
-
24. In which of the following carcinoma of thyroid, lympatic involvement is common;
a. Anaplastic b.Follicular c. Papillary d. Medullary
-
25. Most common carcinoma of thyroid is:
a. Mdullary b. Anaplastic c. Follicular d. Papillary
-
26. In carcinoma of breast, a secondaries deposit is most common in:
a. Bone b. Brain c. Liver d. Lung
-
27. In carcinoma breast , most common sit eof bony metastatis is:
a. Sacral vertebra b. Lumber vertebra c. Thoratic vertebra d. Cervical vertebra
-
28. Not a feature of charcot’s triad:
a. Vomiting b. Jaundice c. Fever d. Pain
-
29. In cholangitis the most common organism is:
a. Streptococcus b. Clostridium c. Eschericha coli d. Entamoeba histolytica
-
30. Charcot’s triad is seen in :
a. Gangrene of gallbladder b. Acute appendicitis c. Acute cholecystitis d. Cholangitis
-
31. Not seen in cholangitis:
a. Septic shock b. Fever c. Jaundice d. Biliary colic
-
32. Potato tumor is a :
a. Carotid body tumor b. Sternomastoid tumor c. cystic hygroma d. Brancial cyst
-
33. False regarding Meckel’s diverticulum is:
a. 60cm From the ileocecal valve b. Arise from mesenteric border_x000D_c.intussusception d. Bleeding
-
34. Most common somplication of Meckel’s diverticulum is:
a. Intussusception b. Obstruction c. Bleeding d. Diverticulitis
-
35. Complication s of meckel’s diverticulum include:
a. Intussusception b. Intestinal obstruction c. Hemorrhage d. All of the above
-
36. False regarding Meckel’s diverticulum is:
a. Always contains gastric tissue _x000D_b. True diverticulum _x000D_c. Antimesenteric border _x000D_d. Present in 2 % population
-
37. A 30 –year-old woman is accidentally found to have a wide mouthed Meckel’s diverticulum during laparotomy. Best method of treatment :
a. Diverticulectomy _x000D_b. Leave it alone _x000D_c. Resection of diverticulum with a short segment of ileum and anastomoses_x000D_d. Resection of diverticulum and stump is invaginated
-
38. In which of the following condition , theirsch operation is done:
a. Incontinence b. Rectal prolapse c. hemorrhoids d. Fissure in ano
-
39. For which of the following condition, delorme’s operation is done;
a. Rectal carcinoma b. Fissure in ano c. Fistula in ano d. Rectal prolapse
-
40. False about cystic hygroma is:
a. Aspiration contains cholesterol crystals b. Ruminant of 2nd brancial cleft_x000D_c.Brilliantly transucent d. Brilliantly transilluminant
-
41. cystic hygroma:
a. Manifests in 2nd -3rd decade b. Spontaneous regression _x000D_c. Excision of the cyst at an early age d. Should be left alone
-
42. Which of the following is brilliantly translucent:
a. Seaceous cyst b. dErmoid cyst c. Cystic hygroma d. Branchial cyst
-
43. Cystic hygroma is a :
a. Hemangioma b. Sebaceous gland tumor c. Meningioma d. Lymphangioma
-
44. After birth, th eearliest tumor to occur is:
a. Lymphoma b. Branchial cyst c. Cystic hygroma d. Sternomastoid tumor
-
45. In mallory –weises syndrome where is the mucosal tear located;
a. Near gastric pylorus b. Gastroesophageal junction _x000D_c. upper end of esophagus d. Gastric antrum
-
46. False regarding mallory- weiss syndrome is:
a. Present with history of retching or vomiting _x000D_b. Alcohol is not a predisposing factor _x000D_c. Hematemesis is usually self limited _x000D_d. Nonpenetrating mucosal tear at gastroesophageal junction
-
47. Sengstaken tube must maintain a pressure of… mmHg above what was recrded before insertion, to stop bleeding from varices:
a. 35 b. 45 c. 25 d. 20
-
48. In which of th efollowing conditon , sengstaken tube is used:
a. Biliary cirrhosis b. Hepatic aneurysm c. Blunt trauma d. Bleeding varices
-
49. In blunt injury to abdomen, organ commonly involved is;
a. Appendix b. Intestine c. Liver d. Spleen
-
50. Most common cause of a portal hypertension is situated at:
a. Postthepatic b. Prehapatic c. Intrahepatic d. Equal in all of the above
-
51. Medical treatment of gallbladder stone is possible in;
a. nonfunctioning gallbladdr b. Radiopaque stones_x000D_c. Size of stone is <15 mm d. Calcium oxalate stones
-
52. Oral ursodeoxycholic acid therapy is ineffctive in dissolving which of the following type of stones:
a. Radiopaque b.Sixe <15 mm c. Cholesterol or mixed d. Radiolucent gallstones
-
53. Medical treatment of gallstones is useful in all except:
a. Functioning of gallbladder b. Size ,15 mm c. Pigmented stone d. Cholesterol stone
-
54. Pseudopolyposis is a feature of which of the following disease:
a. Tuberculosis colitis b. Typhoid enteritis c. Chron’s disease d. ulcerative colitis
-
55. Sulphonamide is a feature of which of the following disease:
a. Sulphacetamide b. Sulphasalazine c. Sulphamethizole d. Sulphadiazine
-
56. True regarding ulcerative colitis:
a. Rectum is almost always involved b. Fistulas are common _x000D_c. Skip lesions are seen d. String sign of kantor positive
-
57. Not a complication of ulceratve colitis:
a. Sclerosing cholangitis b. Peptic ulcer c. Toxic megacolon d. Arthiritis
-
58. In which of the following condition, pyoderma gangrenosum is seen:
a. Ischemic colitis b./ Ulcerative colitis c.Chron’s disease d. Amebic colitis
-
59. “signof emptying” is seen in:
a. Salmon patch b. Port wine stain c. Plexiform angioma d. Strawberry angioma
-
60. Red discoloration on eyeld which disappears by one year is:
a. Venous hemangioma b. Strawberry hemangioma _x000D_c. Port wine stain d. Salmon patch
-
61. Tuft of hairs is seen in :
a. Spina bifida b. Spina aperta c. Sacrococcygeal teratoma d. Meylomeningocele
-
62. Meningomyelocele most commonly occurs at:
a. Skull b. Thoratic spine c. Lumbosacral spine d. Cervical spine
-
63. IN Hodgkin’s lymphoma, the malignant cell is:
a. Recticulum cells b. Histocytes c. Lymphocytes d. Reed sternnerg cells
-
64. Most common site of enlargement of lymmph nodes in Hodkin’s lymphoma is:
a. Abdominal b. Cevical c. Axillary d. Mediastinal
-
65. Most common presentation of Hodkin’s lymphoma is;
a. Leukocytosis b. Fever c. Painless enlargement of lymph nodes d. Pruritus
-
66. Hodkin’s ;ymphoma with right sided neck nodes and left inguimal node without fever is of:
a. Stage Ia b. Stage IIIa c. stage Iia d. Stage Iva
-
67. Not a type B symptom of Hodkin’s lymphoma:
a. Pruritus b. Headache c. Weight loss d. Fever
-
68. In a patient with Hodkin’s lymphoma with unilateral lymph node involvement, treatment of choice is :
a. Irradiation b. Single drug chemotherapy c. Neck dessection d. Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy
-
69. Worst prognosis Hodkin’s lymphoma is:
a. Lymphocyte depketed b. Mixed cellularity _x000D_c. Lymphocyte predominance d. Nodular sclerosis
-
70. In polycystic kidney cysts are seen in all of the following organs except:
a. Pancreas b. Lungs c. Brain d. Liver
-
71. The treatment of choice in polycystic kidney;
a. Nephrectomy b. Renal transplanation c. Dialysis d. Removal of cyst
-
72. Liver cyst in polycystic kidney occurs in:
a. 10% b. 58% c. 18% d. 85%
-
73. In which of the following ‘spider leg’ appearance of calyces in intracenous urography is seen :
a. Hydronephrosis b. Horse shoe kidney c. Congenital cystic kidneys d. Hypernephroma
-
74. Secondaries of which of the following does not cause osteolytic lesion:
a. Thyroid b. prostate c. Breast d. Bronchus
-
75. In which of the following osteoblastic secondaries are seen:
a. neuroblastoma b. Thyroid c. Breast d. Prostate
-
76. Heller’s operation is done in :
a. carcinoma esophagus b. Peptic ulcer c. Achalasia cardia d. Pyloric stenosis
-
77. True regarding achalasia cardia is:
a. Congenital dilatation b. Caused by scleroderma c. Sensory distrubance d. A motor distrubance
-
78. For achalasia cardia, the best investigation is:
a. Esophagscopy b. Sccintigraphy c. Barium meal d. Manometry
-
79. False regarding achalasia cardia is:
a. X-ray finding of dilated wesophagus with a narrow end_x000D_b. Macholyl test is hyposensitive _x000D_c. Aspiration pneumonitis _x000D_d. dysphagia
-
80. Predisposing factor for testicular tumor is:
a. Abdominal testis b. Chronic orchitis c. Torsion d. Trauma
-
81. In stage I seminoma, the treatment of choice is:
a. Medical b. Surgical c. Chemotherapy d. Radiotherapy
-
82. From which of the following glomus tumor originates:
a. Endoderm b. Mesoderm c. Neuroectoderm d. Ectoderm
-
83. False regarding glomus tumor is:
a. Regulation of temperature of skin b. Resection is curative _x000D_c. Distal extremity d. Mass
-
84. In renal cell carcinoma, which of the following endocrine manifestation may occur:
a. Peptic ulcer b. Renin related hypertension _x000D_c. Gynecomastia d. Cushing’s syndrome
-
85. Most common metastasis in renal cell carcinoma is to:
a. Lung b. Bone c. Adrenal d. Liver
-
86. Solitary ‘Pulsatile’ bone secondaries are most likely from:
a.Carcinoma of breast b. Carcinom aof prostate_x000D_c. Carcinoma of kidney d. Carcinom aof adrenal
-
87. Not a feature of renal cell carcinoma:
a. Renal vein thrombosis b. Hypertension c. Increased CEA d. Polythemia
-
88. Thyroglossal fistula develops due to which of the following :
a. Inflammatory disorder b. Incomplete removal of thyroglossla cyst _x000D_c. Injury d. Developmental anomaly
-
89. Sistrunk’s operation is done in:
a. Branchial fistula b. Thyroglossal cyst _x000D_c. Paratoid tumor d. Thyroiglossal fistula
-
90. Which of the following has close proximity to hyoid bone:
a. Enlarged sbmandibular lymph nodes b. Thyroglossal fistula _x000D_c. Aneurysm of carotid artery d. Brancial cyst
-
91. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid arises from:
a. Stroma of gland cell b. Capsule of thyroid _x000D_c. Parafollicular cells d. Cells lining the acini
-
92. Which of the following is the marker for medullary carcinoma of thyroid :
a. Phosphorus b. Thyroxine c. Parathormone d. Calcitonin
-
93. False regarding varicocele:
a. Testicular veins involved b. More common on the right side_x000D_c. may be first feature of a renal tumor d. Feels like a bag of worms
-
94. Varococele is common in left tests. The reason of this is:
a. Compression of testicular vein by rectum _x000D_b. Left testis is lower situated _x000D_c. Left testicular veins drains into renal vein which has high pressure _x000D_d. Left testicuar vein drains int IVC which has high pressure
-
95. Most common malignant tumor of spleen is:
a. Squamous cell carcinom a b. Adenocarcinoma c. Hemangioma d. Lymphoma
-
96. Which of the following is the most common tumor of spleen:
a. Sarcoma b. secondaries from kidney c. Hemangioma d. Lymphoma
-
97. In which of the following condition Goodsall’s rule is used:
a. Hernia b. Hemorrhoids c. Fistula in ano d. Rectal prolapse
-
98. All are false regarding diverticulitis of colon except:
a. Asymptomatic b. Treatment is only consarvative _x000D_c. Seen in >40 years of age d. Precancerous lesion
-
99.. Dumping syndrome is because of:
a. Reduced gastric capacity b. Vagotomy_x000D_c. Hypertonic content in small intestine d. Diarrhea
-
100. Strcture not excised in radicla neck dissection ;
a. Submandibular salivary gland b. Internal jugular vein _x000D_c. Vagus nerve d. Sternomastoid muscle
-
101. Structure not removed in classi radical neck dissextion:
a. Internal jugular vein b. Submandibular gland_x000D_c. Phrenic nerve d. Accessory nerve
-
102. Structure not saved in radical neck dissection is:
a. Lower brachial plexus b. Vagus nerve c. Spinal accessory nerve d. Hypoglossal nerve
-
103. False regarding vertebral hemangioma is:
a. Usually found in 2-5% of population _x000D_b. Hyper-intense in T image in MRI_x000D_c. Usually associated with liver hemangioma and carcinoma_x000D_d. Usually asymptomatic
-
104. Toxic megacolon is seen in which of the following disease:
a. Ulcerative colitis b. Carcinoma colon c. Carcinoid d. Gastrocolic fistula
-
105. Not a feature of esophageal rupture:
a. Low blood pressure b. Bradycardia c. Fever d. Pain
-
106. In which of the following hydradenitis suppurativa occurs:
a. Eccrine gland b. Sebaceous gland c. Apocrine gland d. Hair follicles
-
107. Not a feature of deep vein thrombosis in lower limb:
a. Discoloration b. Claudication c. Tender calf muscle d. Swelling
-
108. In which of the following condition , malignant changes in testis occurs:
a. Pyocele b. Hydrocele c. Trauma d. Crytorchidism
-
109. In which of the following condition, meconium ileus is seen ;
a. Hirschsprung’s disease b. Pyloric stenosis_x000D_c. Fibrocystic disease of pancreas d. Duodenal atresia
-
110. Most common site of lymphoma in GI tract is:
a. Ileum b. Colon c. Duodenum d. Stomach
-
111. A parient with pituitary tumor, pheochromocytoma, and hyperthyroidism is most likely to have;
a. Follicular carcinoma thyroid _x000D_b. Papillary carcinoma thyroid _x000D_c. Medullary carcinoma thyroid _x000D_d. Anplastic carcinoma thyroid
-
112. MEN II is seen with which of the following thyroid carcinoma:
a. Follicular b. Anaplastic c. Medullary d. Papillary
-
113. Not an indication for splenectomy:
a. primary splenic tumor b. Hereditary spherocytosis _x000D_c. Splenic abscess d. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
-
114. not included in basic life support:
a. Intracardiac adrenaline b. Expiratory air ventilation_x000D_c. Cardiac massage d. Airway
-
115. Most common primary brain tumor is:
a. Pituitary adenoma b. Craniopharyngioma_x000D_c. Abdominoperineal resection d. Meningioma
-
116. A 70 year old male presented with carcinoma rectum 3cm From anal verge. Treatment of choice is :
a. Distal sigmoid colostomy b. Dysfunctional surgery_x000D_c. Abdominoperineal resection d. None of the above
-
117. In carcinoma of rectum 12cm from anal verge, the treatment of choice is:
a. Anterior resection b. Dysfunctional resection _x000D_c. Hartmann’s operation d. None of the above
-
118. Prognosis of carcinoma rectum is best assessed by:
a. Site of tumor b. histological grading c. Size of tumor d. Duration of symptoms
-
119. Earliest symptom of carcinoma rectum:
a. Pain b. Alteration of bowel habits c. Bleeding per rectum d. Tenesmus
-
120. Duhamel operation is done for which of the following condition;
a. Congenital pyloric stenosis b. Hiatus hernia _x000D_c. Achalasia cardia d. Hirschsprung’s disease
-
121. In Hischsprung’s disease, common aganglionic part is:
a. Rectum b. Jejunum c. Ileum d. Duodenum
-
122. All are false ragarding Hischsprung’s disease except:
a. Regular ddilation effective b. Rectal biopsy is diagnostic _x000D_c. Presentation is within 3 days d. More common in females
-
123. Which of the following is the most common cause of parotid swelling :
a. Tuberculosis of aparatoid lymph nodes b. Warthin’s tumor _x000D_c. Muco epidemoid tumor d. Pleomorphic adenoma
-
124. Pleomorphic adenoma of parotid is treated with:
a. Total removal b. Deep lobe removal _x000D_c. Redical removal d. Hemi superficial parotidectomy
-
125. Parotid tumor which is most commonly seen :
a. Sarcoma b. Adenocystic carcinoma _x000D_c. Pleomorphic adenoma d. Adenocarcinoma
-
126. Pleomorphic ladenoma most commonly occurs at:
a. Minor salivary gland b. Sublingual gland _x000D_c. Submandibular gland d. Parotid gland
-
127. True regarding pleomorphic tumor is:
a. 80% of benign tumors are of pleomorphic origin_x000D_b. Treatment is enucleation _x000D_c. They are commonly associated with nerve involvement _x000D_d. Pleomorphic tumors over period of time give rise to warthin’s adenoma
-
128. A patient has swelling in parotid which pushes the tonsil medially. Histologically it is pleomorphic adenoma. This should be treated with:
a. Parotidectomy with leaving behind facial nerve and radical neck dissection_x000D_b. Total parotidectomy _x000D_c. Conservative parotidectomy _x000D_d. Superficial parotidectomy
-
129. False regarding pseudopancreatic cyst is:
a. Mostly present in head of pancreas b. Incresed serum amylase_x000D_c. Presents as abdominal mass d. Common after acute pancreatitis
-
130. In pdeudopancreatic cyst the treatment of choice is:
a. Cystojejunostomy b. External drainage c. excision of cyst d. None of the above
-
131. False regarding pseudopancreatic cyst is:
a. Epigastric mass b. Increase amylase_x000D_c. Cystojejunostomy is the treatment of choice _x000D_d. Percutaneous aspiration is the treatment of choice
-
132. In pseudopancreatic cyst , collection of fluid occurs in :
a. Hepato-renal pouch b. Greater sac c. Lesser sac d. Between intestinal loops
-
133. Pseudocyst of pancreas most commonly occurs after:
a. Pancreatic malignancy b. Pancreatic surgery _x000D_c. Acute pancreatitis d. Trauma
-
134. 5 cm umcomplicated pancreatic pseudocyst of 6 weeks duration should be managed by:
a. Serial USG b. Internal drainage c. External drainage d. Removal with limited pancreatic resection and duct closure
-
135. A 65 year old man has recurrent thrombophlebitis in upper arm for the last 6 months. Most likely diagnosis is:
a. Osteosarcoma b. Oral carcinoma c. Pancreatic carcinoma d. Prostatic carcinoma
-
136. IN which of the following carcinoma, migratory thrombophlebitis is seen:
a. Carcinoma of kidney b. Carcinoma of lung _x000D_c. Carcinoma of nasopharynx d. Carcinoma of liver
-
137. Cleft lip is due to nonfusion of:
a. Maxillary process with lateral nasal process_x000D_b. Maxillary process with medial nasal process_x000D_c. Maxillary process with mandibular process_x000D_d. All of the above
-
138. Cleft lip is due to nonfusion of:
a. 2 years b. 12-18 months c. 6-8 months d. 3-6 months
-
139. Most common type of cleft lip is:
a. Unilateral (right sided) b. Unilateral ( left sided)_x000D_c. Bilateral d. Midline
-
140.Carcinoid tumor most commonly occurs at:
a. Adrenal b. Bronchus c. Small intestine d. Appendix
-
141. Hamman’s sign is typically seen in:
a. Pneumomediastinum b. Pneumopericardium _x000D_c. Pneumothorax d. Subcutaneous emphysema
-
142.Most common site of carcinoma stomach is:
a. GAstroesophageal junction b. CARdia c.Body d. Antrum
-
143. Carcinoma stomach is associated with which of the following blood group:
a. A b. B c. AB d. O
-
144. False regarding carcinoma of stomach is:
a. Most common site for neoplasm is pre-pyloric region _x000D_b. Troisier’s sign present_x000D_c. Gastric carcinoma is common in people of blood Group O_x000D_d. Superficial spreading type has best prognosis
-
145.In which of the following condition, hyperbaric oxygen is used:
a. Gangrene b. Anaerobic infection c. CO poisoning d. Ventilation failure
-
146. In subclavian steal syndrome, blood flow in vertebral artery is:
a. Reversed b. Increased c. Decreased d. Not seen
-
147. Cutaneous malignancy which does not metastasize to lymphatics is:
a. Kaposi sarcoma b. Melanoma c. basal cell carcinoma d. Squamous cell carcinoma
-
148. In basal cell carcinoma at inner canthus of eye, the treatment of choice is:
a. Surgery +Radiotherapy b. Chemotherapy_x000D_c. Radiotherapy d. Wide excision and reconstruction
-
149.Most common site of rodent ulcer is;
a. Trunk b. abdomen c. Face d. Limbs
-
150.FNAC is not useful in which of the following thyroid carcinoma:
a. Medullary b. Follicular c. Papillary d. Anasplastic
-
151. Ideal treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is:
a. Subtotal thyroidectomy b. Steroids c. Thyroxine d. TSH
-
152. False regarding hashimoto’s thyroiditis is:
a. Autoimmune thyroiditis b. papillary carcinoma of thyroid_x000D_c. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis d. Agranulomaous thyroiditis
-
153. In which of the following condition, hurthle cells are seen:
a. Thyroimmune cyst b. papillary carcinoma of thyroid_x000D_c. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis d. Agranulomatous thyroiditis
-
154. Symptom most frequently seen in patients of primary biliary cirrhosis is:
a. Gastrointestinal bleeding b. Jaundice c. Splenomegaly d. Pruritus
-
155. A chronic alcoholic has liver cirrhosis, presented with mass in liver, and raised AFP . most likely diagnosis is:
a. Secondary from carcinoma colon b. Hepatic adenoma _x000D_c. Hepatocellular carcinoma d. hepatocellular carcinoma
-
156. in which of the following condition, α fetoprotein is increased:
a. Cervix carcinoma b. Urinary bladder carcinoma _x000D_c. Lung carcinoma d. Hepatocellular carcinoma
-
157. Gallstone which is most commonly found is:
a. Calcium oxalate b. Pure cholesterol c. Mixed stone d. Pigment stone
-
158. not a component of “saint’s” triad;
a. Gallstones b. Renal stones c. Hiatus hernia d. Diverticulosis
-
159. Percentage of gallstones which are radiopaque:
a. 10% b. 20% c. 30 % d. 50%
-
160. Fistula in ano is most commonly caused by:
a. Anal gland infection b. Crohn’s disease c. Ulcerative colitis d. Tuberculosis
-
161. In fistula in ano, treatment of choice is:
a. Fistulotomy b. fistulectomy c. Anal dilatation d. Fissurectomy
-
162. A patient presents with regurgitation of food which he ingested 3 days ago, foul smelling breath and intermittent dysphagia for solid foods. Most likely diagnosis is:
a. Pyloric stenosis b. Diabetic gastroparesis _x000D_c. Zenker’s diverticulum d. Achalasia cardia
-
163. All are false regarding Zenker’s diverticulum except;
a. It occurs in children b. Treatment is cricopharyngeal myotomy _x000D_c. Occurs in mid esophagus d. Asymptomatic
-
164. Which of the following is the best source of split skin graft:
a. Xenograft b. Isograft c. Homograft d. Autograft
-
165. isograft is:
a. Transfer of tissue between monozygotic twins_x000D_b. Transfer of tissue between different species _x000D_c. Transfer of tissue between two individuals _x000D_d. Transfer of tissue between brothers
-
166.All are false regarding renal trauma except:
a. Renal artery aneurysm is common _x000D_b. Lumbar approach to kidney _x000D_c. Exploration of kidney to be done in all cases_x000D_d. Urgent IVP is indicated
-
167.True ragarding thiersch’s graft is:
a. Pedcle graft b. Muscle flap c. Full thickness d. Partial thickness
-
168.In gastrojejunocolic fistula, diarrhea is due to:
a. Decreased absorption b. Blind loop syndrome_x000D_c. Peptic digestion of colonic mucosa d. Acid digestion of colonic mucosa
-
169. Treatment of paget’s disease of nipple is;
a. Chemotherapy b. Biopsy and simple mastectomy_x000D_c. Radical mastectomy d. Radiotheray
-
170. Not a mid line swelling in neck:
a. Branchial cyst b. Ludwwig’s angina c. Sub hyoid bursitis d. Thyroglossal cyst
-
171.False about mannitol:
a. Sugar with high molecular weight b. Prevents ARF in shock_x000D_c. Used in crush syndrome d. Used in Obstructive jaundice surgeries
-
172. Not a feature of crush syndrome:
a. Dialysis may be life saving in uremia b. oligemic shock _x000D_c. Myoglobinemia d. Cardiac tamponade
-
173. Not a cause of choledochal cyst:
a. Due to both intrinsic defect and obstruction _x000D_b. Congenital anomaly of bite duct_x000D_c. Iinspissated bile _x000D_d. Pancreased- biliary anatomical anomaly
-
174.Choledochal cyst should be treated with:
a.Transplantation b. Excision of cyst of choledochocystojejunostomy_x000D_c. Cystojejunostomy d. Gastrojejunostomy
-
175.All are false regarding choledochal cyst except:
a. Best treatment is choledochocystojejunostomy_x000D_b. Jaundice is present _x000D_c. Usually asymptomatic _x000D_d. Usually suoraduodenal
-
176.Klatskin tumor is located at:
a. The junction of bile duct bb. Vater’s ampulla _x000D_c. Bile duct d. Junction of cystic duct and bile duct
-
177.In which of the following conditin, cullen’s sign is seen:
a. Blunt injury to abdomen b. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis_x000D_c. Acute appndicitis d. Acute cholecystitis
-
178.In multiple myeloma, hyponatremia is:
a. Relative b. Pseudo c. True d. Absolute
-
179.Not a feature of vanBuchem’s disease:
a. Increased acid phosphate b. Facial palsy _x000D_c. Overgrowth d. Distortion of mandible
-
180.Thyroid carcinoma which has best prognosis is:
a. Follicular b. Anaplastic c. Medullary d. Papillary
-
181.Characteristic feature of peyronie’s disease is:
a. Unpredictable history b. Pain on erection c. Bend on erection d. All are true
-
182.Peyronie’s disease affects the:
a. Breast b. Vagina c.Scrotum d. Penis
-
183. In bilateral adrenal hyerplasia, the treatmetn of choice is:
a. Follow up b. Pitutary irradiation c. Bilateral adrenalectomy d. Unilateral adrenalectomy
-
184.McBurney’s point is siteuated at:
a. Umbilicus liver junction _x000D_b. Junction of lateral 1/3rd and medial 2/3rd line_x000D_c. Junction of lateral 2/3rd and medial 1/3rd line _x000D_d. Middle of right spino-umbilical line
-
185.True regarding cancrum oris is:
a. Pus accumulates in the floor of mouth b. Cheek carcinoma_x000D_c. Localized Gngrene of check d. Multiple oral ulceration
-
186.Content of Richter’s hernia is;
a. Sigmoid colon b. Meckel’s diverticulum c. Bladder d.. Portion of intestine
-
187.In which of the following condition, very high level of alkaine phosphatase is seen;
a. Tuberculous liver b. Metastatic liver carcinoma_x000D_c. primary biliary cirrhosis d. All of the above
-
188.Most common site of anorectal abscess is:
a. Perianal b. Pelvirectal c. Submucous d. Ischiorectal
-
189.True regarding decubitus ulcer is:
a. Arterial ischemia b. Venous congestion c. Pressuree sores d. All of the above
-
190.Not seen in subacute thyroiditis:
a. Fever b. Increased radioiodine uptake c. Increased ESR d. Pain
-
191.Not seen in de Quervain’s thyroiditis:
a. Fever b. Increased radioiodine uptake c. Increased ESR d. Pain
-
192.Strangulation is most common with which hernia:
a. Inguinal b. Epigastric c. Obturator d. Femoral
-
193.In hernia en-glissade , the most common content is:
a. Omentum b.Urinary bladder c.Caecum d. Sigmoid colon
-
194.Most common hernia of abdominal wall is;
a. Femoral b. Umbilical c. Inguinal d. Ventral
-
195.Not an indication for liver transplantation;
a. Biliary atresia b. Alcoholic hepatitis c. Hepatocellular carcinoma d. Cirrhosis
-
196.In rectum most malignant polyp is;
a. Pseudopolyps b. Juvenile polyp c. Tubular polyp d. Vilous adenoma
-
197.Carcinoma seen in anal canal is:
a. Basal cell carcinoma b. Transitional cell carcinoma_x000D_c. Squamous cell carcinoma d. Adenocarcinoma
-
198.Primary vesical calculus is seen with which of the following :
a. Infected urine b. Sterile urine c. Alkain urine d. Acidic urine
-
199.Ranula is:
a. Retention cyst of sublingual gland _x000D_b. Retention cyst of submandibular gland_x000D_c. Extravasation cyst of sublingual glands_x000D_d. Extravasation cyst of submandibular glands
-
200.In which of the following, ranula lies:
a. Digastric triangle b. Supraclavicular region_x000D_c. Tip of tongue d. Floor of mouth
-
201.Charateristic feature of wound healing by secondary intention is:
a. Soft line scar b. Hypertrophic scar c. Thick collagenous scar d. Wound gap
-
202.Lung abscess is most commonly caused by:
a.Trauma b. Direct spread of liver _x000D_c. Aspiration of infected material d. Hematogenous spread
-
203.Most common cause of surgical obstructive jaundice among the following is:
a. Chronic cholecystitis b. Liver carcinoma _x000D_c. Sclerosing cholangitis d. Common bile duct stone
-
204.Buccal mucosa carcinoma commonly drains to ehich of the following lymph node:
a. Cervical b. Jugulodigastric c. Submandibular d. Supraclavicular
-
205.Secondaries first go to which of the following organ in carcinoma of buccal mucosa;
a. Regional lymph nodes b. Lung c. Liver d. Brain
-
206.Cause of ureterocele is:
a. Congeital atresia of ureteric orifice _x000D_b. Ureters crossing behind the artery_x000D_c. Renal calculus _x000D_d. Congenital intramural malformation
-
207.False regarding horse shoe kidney is:
a. Horseshoe kidney isnot a contraindication to pregnancy _x000D_b. Urogram shows lower pole calyces on both sides being directed towards the midline_x000D_c. Associated with nephrolithiasis _x000D_d. Asymptomatic
-
208.Correct incidence of renal ectopia is:
a. 1 in 800 b. 1 in 1000 c. 1 in 10,000 d. 1 in 1,00,000
-
209.Most common congenital anomaly seen in upper renal tract is:
a. Post-caval ureter b. Agencies of one of the kidneys_x000D_c. Duplication of renal kidney d. Ectopic kidney
-
210.’Flower vase’ appearance in IVP is seen in;
a. Polycystic kidney disease b. Hydronephrosis c. Horseshoe kidney d. Ectopic kidney
-
211.Diverticulitis most commonly occurs at:
a. Sigmoid colon b. Splenic flexure c. Ascending colon d. Descending colon
-
212.A 75 year old male presented with massive bleeding per rectum. Most likely diagnosis is:
a. Rectal polyposis b. Hemorrhoids c. Diverticulosis d. Colon carcinoma
-
213.Most common site of branchia cyst is:
a. Lower 2/3rd of sternocleidomastoid b. Upper 2/3rd of sternocleidomastoid_x000D_c. lower 1/3rd of sternocleidomastoid d. Upper 1/3rd of sternocleidomastoid
-
214. In branchial cyst, the external opening is situated at;
a. Lateral pharyngeal wall b. Behind the tonsil _x000D_c. lower 2/3rd of neck d. upper 1/3rd of neck
-
215.False regarding esophageal carcinoma is;
a. Barrett’s esophagus predisposes to it_x000D_b. Tobacco abuse is a predisposing factor _x000D_c. Adenocarcinoma is the most common form worldwide_x000D_d. Commonly involves middle third
-
216. Esophageal carcinoma most commonly occurs at:
a. Postcricoid region b. Lower third c. Middle third d. upper third
-
217. Gastrin levels are raised in:
a. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome b. Pernicious anemia _x000D_c. Gastric ulcer d. All of the above
-
218. Medical treatment of ZOllinger-Ellison syndrome is:
a. Cimetidine b. Renitidine c. Famotidine d. Omeprazole
-
219. Zollinger-Ellison sundrome is caused by tumor of;
a. Non-beta islet cell tumors cells b. Beta cells _x000D_c. Alpha Cells d.. PP cells
-
220. Treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome type II is:
a. Total gastroctomy with removal of tumor _x000D_b. Partial gastrectomy_x000D_c. Excision of tumor alone _x000D_d. H2 receptor antagonists
-
221.Diarrhea in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is due to:
a. Secretion of large amounts of HCI b. Secretin _x000D_c. Pentagastrin d. Enterokinase
-
222. Not a charccteristic feature of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome :
a. Massive increase in HCI in response to histamine injection _x000D_b. Severe diarrhea _x000D_c. Recurrent duodenal ulcer _x000D_d. Multiple ulcers
-
223. In which of the following condition mustarde operation is done:
a. Blepharoplasty b. Mentoplasty c. Otoplasty d. Rhinoplasty
-
224.In surgery of hand the “ No man’s land” is :
a. Wrist b. Between distal palmer crease and proximal interphalangeal joint _x000D_c. Distal phalanx d. Proximal phalanx
-
225.In which of the following anchovy sauce pus is seen ;
a. Pancreatic abscess b. Splenic abscess _x000D_c. Amebic liver abscess d. Splenic abscess
-
226. Amebic abscess ruptures most commonly into:
a. Pleural cavity b. Peritoneal cavity c. Lumen of intestine d. Right lung
-
227. Not a feature of hypovolemic shock:
a. Oliguria b. Bradycardia c. Hypotension d. Acidosis
-
228. Feature which is most specific for shock is;
a. Serum LDH b. Oliguria c. Decreased blood pressure d. Tachycardia
-
229. Warthin’s tumor is:
a. Malignant neoplasm b. Rapidly growing _x000D_c. Gives a hot pertechnetate scan d. Cold pertechnetate scan
-
230. For warthin’s tumor is;
a. chemotherapy b. Radiotherapy c. Excision d. Partial parotidectomy
-
231. In which of the following condition, Heller’s operation is done:
a. Esophagus carcinoma b. Peptic ulcer c. Achalasia cardia d. Pyloric stenosis
-
232. Ainhum is construction ring appearing at;
a. Base of the toe b. Base of the finger c. Base of thumb d. Ankle joint
-
233. A 65 year old man presents with bleeing on initiation of micturition . most likely diagnosis is:
a. Bladder tumor b. Ureteric stone c. Urethral stone d. Benign prostone hypertrophy
-
234. Most common presenting symptom of carcinoma bladder is;
a. Frequency of micturition b. Hesitancy c. Hematuria d. Dysuria
-
235. X-ray should be taken in which of the following position, to know the position of opening in a congenital anorectal malformation:
a. Supine b. Upside down c. Anti-trendelenburg d. Trendelenburg
-
236. Invertogram should be done …. Hours after birth:
a. 6 b.4 c. 5 d. 1
-
237. prognosis depends upon which of the following, in soft tissue sarcoma:
a. Therapeutic embolization b. Chemotherapy_x000D_c. Radiotherapy d. Wide excision
-
238.Soft tissue sarcoma is ideally treated with:
a. Therapeutic embolization b. Chemotherapy c. Radiotherapy d. Wide excision
-
239. For gallstone, the investigation of choice is:
a. Cholecystography b. Plain X-ray c. CT scan d. Ultrasonography
-
240.Most common cause of amebic lung abscess is;
a. Hematologic spread b. Aspiration of infected material _x000D_c. Rupture of pericardial abscess d. Extension from liver abscess
-
241.Gallbladder fistula is seen with:
a. Stomach b. Colon c. Jejunum d. Duodenum
-
242.Not a tumor marker :
a. Alpha fetoprotein b. Carcinoembryonic antigen_x000D_c. HPL d. Human chorinic gonadotropin
-
243.most common cause of blood discharge from nipple is:
a. Fibroadenoma b. Fibro-adenoma c. Ductal papiloma d. Ductul carcinoma
-
244.In which of the following condition, bleeding dischage of nipple is seen;
a. Cystosarcoma phylloides b.chronic cystic mastitis _x000D_c. Duct carcinoma d. Intraductal papilloma
-
245.Greenish discharge from nipple indicate;
a. Carcinoma b. Duct papilloma c. Duct carcinoma d. Fibroadenosis
-
246.Carcinoma of breast which has best prognosis is:
a. Mastitis carcinomatosa b. Medullary carcinoma _x000D_c. Infiltrating lobular d. Adenoid cyst
-
247.In flail chest with altered results of blood gas analysis, the treatment of choice is:
a. Trendelenburg’s position b. Towel clip operation _x000D_c. Tracheostomy d. IPPR
-
248.Which of the Following is the most direct complication of splenectomy:
a. Anemia b. Agranulocytosis c. Lymphoma d. Hemorrhage
-
249.Characteristic feature of tuberculosis pyelonephritis is;
a. Alkaline pyuria with organism _x000D_b. Alkaline sterile pyuria _x000D_c. Acidic pyuria with organisms_x000D_d. Acid sterile pyuria
-
250.Staghorn calculate is made up of:
a. Oxalate b. Phosphate c. Uric acid d. Cysteine
-
251.In which of the following condition, Rovsing’s sign is positive:
a. Acute cholecystitis b. Pancreatitis c. Acute appendicitis d. None of the above
-
252.Nevus with malignant potential is:
a. Intradermal nevus b. Junctional nevus c. Dermal nevus d. Compound nevus
-
253.In which of the following carcinoma of thyroid ‘psammoma bodies’ are seen:
a. Follicular b. Medullary c. Papillary d. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
-
254.Splenectomy is not done in :
a. Thalassemia major b. Hereditary spherocytosis _x000D_c. Sickle cell anemia d. Chronic ITP
-
255.Treatment of nonremitting acute cholecystitis is :
a. Antibiotics b. IV vancomycin_x000D_c. Cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration d. Observation
-
256.Not a complication of total thyroidectomy :
a. Hypercalcemia b. Hoarseness of voice_x000D_c. Hemorrhage d. Hypocalcemia
-
257.Most common route of infection in kidney tuberculosis is:
a. Direct invasion b. Lymphatic spread c. Hematogenous spread d. Ascending spread
-
258.In renal tuberculosis, earliest manifestation is:
a. Mass b. Pyuria c. Painless hematuria d. Frequency
-
259.Solitary nodule in thyroid is most commonly caused by:
a. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis b. adenoma c. Carcinoma d. Adenomatous goiter
-
260.Solitary nodule in thyroid is most commonly seen in:
a. Hurthle cell tumor b. Follicular carcinoma _x000D_c. Follicular adenoma d. Papillary carcinoma
-
261.A young woman with solitary toxic thyroid nodule should be treated with:
a. Iodine salt b. Surgery c. Radioiodine d. Anti-thyroid drug
-
262.In acute cholescystitis diagnostic method of choice is:
a. Operative Cholangiography b. Radionuclide scan_x000D_c. ERCP d. Oral cholescystography
-
263.Cause of pyogenic liver abscess is:
a. Septicemia b. Trauma c. Hematogenous d. Ascending infection
-
264.Pyogenic liver abscess is most commonly cause by:
a. hematogenous b. Latrogenic c. Ascending cholengitis d. Crytogenic
-
265.In villious adenoma of rectum which of the following is seen :
a. Hyperkalemia b. Hypokalemia c. Hypochloremic alkalosis d. Hyponatremia
-
266.Not seen in villous adenoma:
a. Bleeding b. Profuse watery diarrhea c. Hypoproteinemia d. Hyperkalemia
-
267.Which of the following is true regarding branchial fistula;
a. It opens near tonsil b. Excision by single transverse incision_x000D_c. Midline in position d. Third cleft defect
-
268.A neonate presented with scaphoid abdomen and respiratory distress. The diagnosis is:
a. Wilms; tumor b. Volvulus neonatorum _x000D_c. Diaphragmatic hernia d. Congenitaal pyloric stenosis
-
269.All are false regarding diaphragmatic hernia except:
a. Early vomiting b. Chest X-ray is not diagnostic _x000D_c. Pulmonary hypoplasia is seen d. More common in right side
-
270.A 9 year old infant presented with features of intestinal obstruction. On barium enema, the diagnosis was confirmed to be intussusceptions. Most likely cause is:
a. Lipoma b. Mucosal polyp c. Hypertrophic peyer’s patch d. Meckel’s diverticulum
-
271. Intussusception is most commonly of… type:
a. Ileo- ileo- colic b. Colocolic c. Ileoileal d. Ileocolic
-
272.Most common cause of nonhealing ulcer over medial malleolus is:
a. Buerger’s disease b. Venous stasis c. Tropical ulcer d. Diabetes
-
273.Most common site of venous ulcer is:
a. Toes b. Instep of foot b. lower 2/3rd of leg d. lower 1/3rd of leg and ankle
-
274. Burns involving head, face, and trunk constitutes how much percentage:
a. 45% b. 55% c. 60% d. 65%
-
275.Calculate the burn involving front of chest and abdomen :
a. 36.5% b. 18% c. 27% d.50%
-
276.Burn of head and neck accounts for… in adult;
a. 11% b. 18% c. 09% d. 13.5%
-
277. Rule of nine to estimate surface area of a burnt patient was introduced by:
a. Mortiz Kaposi b. Alexander Wallace c. Joseph Lister d. Thomas Barclay
-
278.Most common primary liver tumor among the following is:
a. Neurofibroma b. Hemangioma c. Lipoma d. Hamrtoma
-
279.Spread through blood does not occur in:
a. Renal cell carcinoma b. Hepatocellular carcinoma _x000D_c. Osteosarcoma d. Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
-
280.Metastasis to bone is not seen in:
a. Cystosarcoma phylloides b. Bronchogenic carcinoma _x000D_c. Thyroid carcinoma d. Breast carcinoma
-
281.In which of the following carcinoma bone metastasis is not common:
a. Prostate b. Testis c. Breast d. Lung
-
282.Covering over an omphalocele is:
a. Skin b. Amniotic membrane c. Chorionic membrane d. None
-
283. All are false regarding umbilical hernia (omphalocele major) except:
a. Incidence is 1:4000 b. Occurs due to failure of part of midgut to return to the coelom_x000D_c. Spontaneous closure is seen d. Common in premature births
-
284.Most common pancreatic malignancy is:
a. Squamous cell carcinoma b. Adenosquamous carcinoma _x000D_c. Insulinoma d. Ductal adenocarcinoma
-
285.Tmoxifen is used in treatment of carcinoma of:
a. Breast b. Lung c. Prostate d. Testis
-
286.CAsoni’s intradermal test is positive in … % of cases of hydatid disease:
a. 75 b. 25 c. 50 d. 85
-
287.In children most common bladder tumor is:
a. Rhabdomyosarcoma b. Hemangioma c. Adenoma d. Papilloma
-
288.Most common malignancy of oral cavity is:
a. Columnar cell carcinoma b. Transitional cell carcinoma _x000D_c. Squamous cell carcinoma d.Adenocarcinoma
-
289.Malignant transformation is most common in;
a. postbulbar ulcer b. Stromal ulcer c. Gastric ulcer d. Chronic duodenal ulcer
-
290.In hemolytic anemia, gallstones are;
a. Oxalate stone b. Mixed stone c. Cholesterol stone d. Pigment stone
-
291.In keloid, best treatment is;
a. Wide excision b. Wide excision and radiotherapy_x000D_c. Intralesional steroid d. Intralesional excision
-
292.True regarding keloid is;
a. Common in old people b. Continues to get worse even after 1 year _x000D_c. Appears few days after surgery d. Appears immediately after surgery
-
293. What percent of patients with perforated peptic ulcer will show free gas under the diaphragm;
a. 100 b. 70 c. 50 d. 90
-
294.In peptic ulcer perforation the investigation of choice is;
a. Ct scan b. Ultrasonography c. X-ray abdomen d. Paracentesis
-
295. not a treatment modality of carcinoma prostate:
a. Flutamide b. Leuprolide c. Bicalutamide d. Somatostain analogue
-
296.patients with neurofibromatosis are not prone to;
a. Meningioma b. Schwannoma c. Retinoblastoma d. Gliomas
-
297.Sigmoidoscope finding in acute diverticulitis of colon is:
a. Sigmoidoscope cannot pass beyond 15cm b. Saw-tooth appearance _x000D_c. Minute diverticula are seen d. Mucosa is inflamed
-
298.Thyroglossal cyst is most common at:
a. Floor of mouth b. Beneath the foramen caecum_x000D_c. Suphyoid d. Suprahyoid
-
299.Swelling which moves the movement of tongue is…. Cyst;
a. Branchial cyst b. Thyroglossal cyst _x000D_c. Dermoid cyst d. Thyroid cyst
-
300. In which of the following disease, rhagades is seen ;
a. Congenital syphilis b. Toxoplasmosis _x000D_c. Herpes simplex d. Secondary syphilis
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