Counseling

Counseling for ________ defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective facets of the counseling process.

As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and creative process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the developing needs of the clients. As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling process.

happens when a person who is distressed asks for help and permit another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her.

is akin with formal helping in some ways such as presence of good listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.

Based on (1) __________, (2) ___________ is the profession that implicates the application of “an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning individual “through the provision of support that aids an individual to use his/her potential to the fullest in accord with his/her interest, needs and abilities.

At the (1)__________ in (2)____________, the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual definition of counseling.

is a professional relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families and group to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals

Goals of Counseling (9)

Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by _______ and_________ in ______

assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.

helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.

enhance special skills and abilities.

assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development

examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.

helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine

involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills

involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health.

aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing positive self – concept.

Counseling Enhancement Goals

Understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties , leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions.

Becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with other people : for example , within the family or workplace.

Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others.

The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self- criticism and rejection.

Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self.

Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening.

Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem – solving.

Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behavior.

Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as maintenance of eye contact , turn taking in conversations, assertive, or anger control.

The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns associated with self- destructive behavior.

The modification or replacement of maladaptive or self- destructive patterns of behavior.

Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate.

Working on skills , awareness, and knowledge that will enable to client to take control of his or her own life.

Helping the client to make amends for previous destructive behavior.

Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on knowledge and to contribute to the collective good through political engagement.

Scope of Counseling (4)

A more focused subject matter related to scope of counseling is the___________, which contains the rights and responsibilities of licensed counselors

Rights and Responsibilities of Licensed Counselors

is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on other organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as standards that shape the member’s behavior in their interaction with their clients and other people.

According to (1) __________ , the founders of humanistic psychology, including (2) _____and_____, highlighted the importance of core values.

Ethical Principles of counseling (3)

Is based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these freedom does not interfere with the freedom of others; counseling cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to participate

This refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm;
Beneficence refers to the order to promote human welfare

Concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently
For counseling, the principle has particular relevance to the question access

(1) _________, drawing on virtues perspective also identified a set of personal qualities that all practitioners should possess: (2)____-10-_____

According to (1) _______ and _________ a helping profession is composed of members “who are especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and service for fellow human beings”.

Roles and Functions of Counselors (10)

Seeks to identify the characteristics and potential of every client ; promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting counselors to understand the client better

Considers as the core activity through which other activities become meaningful. It is a client –centered process that demand confidentiality. Relationship is established between counselor and client.

Groups are means of providing organized and planned assistance to individuals for an array of needs. Counselor provides assistance through group counseling and group guidance.

Counselors are called on to provide career planning and adjustment assistance to clients.

A service of school counseling programs with emphasis on educational placements in course and programs.

It is the practice of helping the clients find needed expert assistance that the referring counselor cannot provide.

It is the process of helping a client through a third party or helping system improve its service to its clientele.

It is necessary to advance the profession of counseling; it can provide empirically based data relevant to the ultimate goal of implementing effective counseling.

_______ is a means of assessing the effectiveness of counselor’s activities. ________ is an outgrowth of demand that schools and other tax-supported institutions be held accountable for their actions.

This includes promotion of mental health through primary prevention using a social – psychological perspective.

Competencies of Counselors (7)

counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate; empathize; be present; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality, responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language.

counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by client and self.

counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme to remember information about the client.

counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence, capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client; must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.

counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention

this would be compromise of awareness of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or age group.

counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge.

Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors (6)

refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.

is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.

is the dynamic field in the counseling profession.____________ as a practice can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s system.

Group counseling offers the following: (6)

is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating theory and practice.

refers to the process of reaching out learners with concerns on drugs, family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling’s exceptional learners and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.

is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.

help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and accountabilities in the counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of the counselors are based on the counselors’ associations of Code of Conduct.

The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into (7) seven sections, namely:

Sample Code of Ethics of the American Counseling Association (3)

Counselor’s primary responsibility is to respect the dignity and promote the welfare of clients. They are also expected to encourage client’s growth. Counselors and clients are expected to work together in crafting individual counseling plans consistent with the client’s circumstances.

Counselors do not engage in discrimination based on age, color, culture, disability, ethnic group, gender, race, religion, sexual orientation, marital status and socio economic status. Counselors shall respect differences and understand the diverse cultural backgrounds of their clients.

Counselors shall disclose the purposes, goals, techniques, procedures, limitations, potential risks, benefits of the services to be performed and other pertinent information to the client throughout the counseling process. Counselors offer clients the freedom to choose whether to enter into a counseling relationship and determine which professional will provide counseling, except when the client is unable to give consent.

In cases where the client is receiving services from another mental health professional, with clients consent, inform the professional person already involved to develop an agreement.

Maintain the clients and avoid actions that seek to meet their personal needs at the expense of the clients. Counselors shall be aware of their values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and how these apply in a diverse society and avoid imposing their values on clients.

Counselors are aware of their influential position over their clients avoid the exploiting the trust and dependency of the clients. Counselors should not accept as superiors or subordinates’ clients’.

Counselors should not have any type of sexual intimacies with clients and do not counsel persons with whom they have sexual relationship. Counselors should not also engage with sexual intimacies with their former clients within a minimum of two years.

In cases where counselors agree to provide counseling services to two or more persons who have a relationship, counselors clarify at the outset which person or persons are clients and the nature of relationship they will have with each other involved person.

Counselors screen prospective group counseling / therapy participants to determine those with compatible needs. In group setting, counselors take reasonable precautions to protect clients from physical or psychological trauma.

Prior to entering the counseling relationship, the counselors clearly explain the clients all financial arrangements related to professional fees.

Confidentiality Areas and Description (6)

Professional Responsibility Areas and Description (3)

Counselors have a responsibility to read, understand, and follow the Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice

Counselors practice only within the boundaries of their competence based on their education, training, supervised experience, state and national professional credentials and appropriate professional experience. Counselors will demonstrate a commitment to gain knowledge, personal awareness, sensitivity, and skills pertinent to working with diverse client population.

Counselors practice specialty areas new with to them only after appropriate education, training, and supervised experience. While developing skills in new specialty area, counselors take step to ensure the competence of their work and to protect other from possible harm.

Counselors accept employment only for positions which they are qualified by education, training, supervise experience, state and national professional credentials, and appropriate professional experience.

Counselors continually monitor their effectiveness as professionals and take steps to improve their skills and knowledge.

Counselors refrain from offering or accepting professional services when their physical, mental, or emotional problems are like to harm clients or others.

Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience (8)

drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug addiction creates more social problems and contribute to social disintegration. Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and seek for counselors’ attention.

slowly our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our health. However, many people still use and continue use tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s audiences.

alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self – control and self–discipline. Therefore, this requires intervention other than treatment.

most men still have less participation in household responsibilities and child care. In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize these to develop their full potential. (Gibson and Mitchel, 2003)

a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that require attention of counseling include loss of a partner, decline of mental capacity and mobility, increased loneliness, decline in financial security etc.

acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their emotional stress and low self- esteem. Counseling’s approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors may also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system.

this population represents victims of domestic violence characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also become rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.

they are usually the victims of harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self-acceptance and understanding.

COUNSELING AND ITS WORK SETTINGS

has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive interventions and developmental stage. There are elementary school counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school counselors, counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the schools is usually located under the learner affairs program. It is under the supervision of the Dean of Learners Affairs.

refers to employment in community, agency, and other non-school professional situations. Counselors can be found in community and mental health agencies, employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage and family practice (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003).

refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors’ expertise and specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client population in the geographic area (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003).

counselors are also present in various agencies of government or institutions supported by the government that are into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the youth, children, and the aging.

six stages of the counseling process

This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and
foundation for the counselling to succeed.
This stage involves establishing rapport,
promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
establishing genuine interaction,
promote direct mutual communication
helping clients understand themselves,
helping client focus and
Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.

One of the most crucial stages.
This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the client’s condition.
It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.

Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
Counseling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.

A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.

Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving:
Problem detection
Problem definition
Identification of alternative solutions
Decision-making
Execution
Verification

The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
There are (4) four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and Holahan:
1. Discussion of the end of counselling
2. Review of the course of counselling
3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan

This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.

COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCESSES, AND METHODS (3)

The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they primed the underpinning of clinical practice.

It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change. The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls.

What is under classic theories? (3)

(1)_________ The approach of Freud in counseling and psychotherapy is popularly known as (2)_________ which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which focuses in the internal forces such as unconscious processes. It focuses on personal adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

Psychoanalysis has (3) three goals:

Techniques of Psychoanalysis (4)

a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.

a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.

a form of feedback procedure for patients to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further analysis.

a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition is psychological functioning. Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave and think in certain ways.

Adlerian counseling focuses on (4) four goals:

Adlerian techniques can be explained in (4) four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy:

First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
(Adlerian techniques can be explained in (4) four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy)

Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT

(Adlerian techniques can be explained in (4) four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy)

Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT

(Adlerian techniques can be explained in (4) four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy)

Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION

(Adlerian techniques can be explained in (4) four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy)

The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy. Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”. The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.

It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions of clients to effect change. The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls.

Experiential Theories (2)

It has been described as the “if-then” approach. The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard

It focuses on the here and now. It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from the inside what the therapist observes from the outside. The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of self, and self-acceptance.

Gestalt’s technique includes the following: (4)

rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.

take personal responsibility by saying “I or me” instead of “us or us”

assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.

helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.

Cognitive Behavioral Theories (3)

REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.

REBT techniques: (2)

reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.

focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”

REBT Behavioral techniques:
Focus on the full array of behavioral methods such as: (1)________, (2)________, (3)______, (4)_________, and (5)________.

Has the Techniques of:

DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Techniques: (3)

referred to as “what if”.

rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.

This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy Behavioral techniques:
This method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients obtaining ‘ (1)______, (2)________, and (3)_________, (4)_________, and (5)________

Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people. It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”. The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the capacity for intimacy.

Berne’s Transactional Analysis Techniques (4)

assists clients to be conscious of their “three egos”.

assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary transactions.”

looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be re-written.”

comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games interfere with interpersonal functioning.