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ALL changes name to what in the subcranial region
the atlanto-axial ligament
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where is ALL present?
C-spine to sacrum
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attachments/function of ALL
attaches firmly to bodies/loosely to intervertebral discs. Resists spine over-extension and Lordosis
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PLL present where?
C-spine to coccyx
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appearance of PLL? name change?
serrated. narrower on bodies and wider at discs. Changes name to tectorial membrane in sub cranial.
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where would herniation most often occur?
lateral intervertebral disc PLL attachments (annulus fibrosis is thinnest here)
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function of PLL?
resists spine flexion
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Ligamentum flavum composition/function
composed mostly of elastic fibers (the yellow ligament) 20% collagen. since it joins adjacent lamina it will resist forward flexion between laminae
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interspinous ligaments
between spinous processes, also limits spinal flexion. poorly developed in c-spine as lig nuchae takes over
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intertransverse ligaments
limits contralateral SB, most highly developed in T-spine
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ant. atlanto-axial membrane
connects C1 to ant. occiput, resists subcranial backward nodding, continuous with ALL
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tectorial membrane
continuous w/ ALL, connects post. body of C2 to anterior inner occiput. covers trans. cerv. and alar ligaments. resists subcranial forward nodding
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posterior atlanto-axial membrane
connects post. arch of C1 to occiput. continuation of lig. flav. Resists subcranial forward nodding
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atlantal cruciform ligament
- makes up the transverse and vertical fibers of the covering of dens deep to the tectorial membrane
- vert. fibers - attach to foramen magnum & axis (resist distraction, taut during subcervical flexion)
- transverse fibers - attach to C1, prevents post. dislocation of C2, holds the dens in place
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alar ligaments
attach lateral dens to foramen magnum on both sides. Resist distraction of C1/C2 and O/C1, contralateral rotation, lateral movements
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apical ligament
top of dens to occiput, resists O-C1 distraction
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