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Membrane
- layer of lipids that separates them from the outside world
- monolayer, bilayer, double membrane
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Nucleolus
ribosome assembly site
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Intron
- A non coding sequence in a split gene
- Present in most eukaryotic cells
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Exon
coding sequence in a split gene
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Nucleoid
- location in a prokaryotic cell where the prokaryotic DNA is located
- Eubacteria & Archae
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Nucleus
- A defining characteristic of a Eukaryote
- Location where the chromosomes are located
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Chromosomes
Independently replicating pieces of DNA that are passed on to daughter cells that code for at least some essential genes
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Nuclear Envelope
double membrane surrounding the nucleus
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Mesosomes
- extensions of the membrane into the cell sometimes forming sacs
- important for photosynthesis
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Magnetosomes
- granules of ferromagnetic iron oxide localized close to the flagella
- allow magneotatic bacteria to migrate down in pond water to anaerobic environment
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Gas Vacuoles
Made of a protein wall that forms a gas-tight sac
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Vacuoles
- Eukayotes
- Used for storage of food, maintenance of cell shape, elimination of waste
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Lysosomes
Eukayotes
small membrane sacs allow the breakdown of components that have been taken in from outside the cell or defective components w/in the cell
sacs of digestive enzymes w/ a low pH
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Cytoplasmic Membrane
- Barrier that defines the border of the cell
- Phospholipid bilayer
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Cell envelope
cell wall/cell membrane
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Cytoplasm
- cell pool
- main location of a cells biochemical and biosynthetic activities
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semi-permeable membrane
- permeable to water and small unchanged molecules
- retains metabolites and ions in the cell
-
passive diffusion
- things move down the concentration gradient across the semi permeable membrane
- Ex: water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide
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facilitated diffusion
- Use of a protein to make a hole in the membrane that will allow molecules to diffuse down the concentration gradient
- Permeases
- Ex: some amino acids, some sugars
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Active transport
Use of protein and energey to move a compound against the concentration gradient across the membrane
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Group Translocation
moves certain sugars down the concentration gradient while modifying the sugar in an energy dependant way
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cell wall
responsible for cell shape and protection agains osmotic lysis
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osmosis
movement of water across a concentration gradient
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lysis
exploding or breaking open
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phosolipid bilayer
- two layers of lipids
- 50% protein, 50% lipid
- fluid
- allows lipids and proteins to move w/in the phospholipid bilayer
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Capsule
Polymer of sugar residues that coat the bacterium or eykaryote
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Flagella
Whip-like structures that allow for rapid movment of the cell
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Pili
- long rods that stick out from the surface of the cell
- adhesion
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cilia
- only in Eukaryotes
- propel the cell in a whip-like movement
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9 + 2 array
9 microtubules on the outside and 2 on the inside
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chemotaxis
movement of an organism towards or away from a chemical
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phototaxis
movement to or from light
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Aerotaxis
movement to or from oxygen
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Random Walk
movement in a desired direction
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cytoskeleton
actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments making up the shape of most Eukaryotes
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Mitochondria
- power house of the cell
- where respiration occurs in Eukaryotes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
- part of the nuclear envelope
- location at which membrane proteins can be insterted into the eukaryotic membrane and proteins are secreted out
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chloroplasts
site of photosynthesis in plant cells
-
Golgi Bodies
membrane sacs allow for localization of different sets of enzymes that allow spec modifications of the protein
-
centriole
- microtubule organization center of the cell
- 9+0 array
-
microcompartments
protein sacs that form organelles in bacteria
-
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staphylo
grape like clusters
-
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tetrads
groups of four cells
-
sarcina
groups of eight cells
-
simple stain
- Stains with a net + charge
- The cytoplasm of the cell is - charged so the dyes are attracted to the interior of the cell by electrical charge
-
negative stain
- negative charged
- same charge as bacteria so not attracted to bacteria
- useful for visualizing the bacteria
-
differential stain
allows you to visualize two populations or structures at the same time so you can distinguish them from each other
-
mordant
chemical that fixes a dye in or on cells by forming insoluable compound and promoting retention of the dye
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Destain
process where subset of cells are destained - dye is washed out
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Gram stain
- divides most Eubacteria into either + or -
- important in clincial micro
-
Gram +
thick peptidoglycan wall
-
Gram -
thin peptidoglycan wall
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Acid Fast stain
stain which shows the Mycobacterium and Norcardia
-
Endospore stain
- staining of very heat resistant spores
- Malachite green, steam, water, saphranin
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Peptidoglycan
- Similar structure in all Eubacteria
- Archae have pseudo-pep. that has simiiar components but different structure
-
Teichoic Acid
long suger molecule that is sometimes membrane anchored (lipo-)
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Inner membrane
- Gram - wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane of the cell
-
Periplasm
- Gram - wall
- Space between two membranes of the cel
- 1. Peptidoglycan (about 1 layer thick)
- 2. Peri-plasmic proteins
- 3. Brauns lipoprotein -anchors outer membrane to the peptidoglycan
-
Cell wall associated proteins
- Gram + wall
- allow the cell to interact with external environment
-
Outer membrane
- Only in Gram - bacteria
- layer containing LPS and Porins
-
Porins
proteins that form larger pores in the outer membrane through which small macromolecules can pass
-
LPS
- lipopolysachharide
- Lipid A - extrememly toxic to animals and can cause septic shock
-
Core region
species specific polysaccharides
-
Mycolic Acid
- single layer of lipids membrane
- essential to get nutrients across the layer of lipids
-
Arabinogalactan
- type of sugar attached to peptidoglycan
- very long and allow for the addition of many mycolic acid molecules
-
Endospore
- G+ bacteria specific
- No metabolic activity
- Most heat-resistance form of dormancy known
-
Cortex
area b/t two membranes that contains the peptidoglycan
-
Coat (of endospore)
dense layer of protein that protects the endospore from toxic chemicals
-
Exosporium
loose lipid-protein; unknown function
-
Sporulation
formation of endospores
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Exospores
- External spores
- Several species of Archae form them
-
Germination of exospore
Activiation, Germination, Outgrowth
-
Cyst
- Formed by some bacteria and some eukaryotes
- Thick walled cells that form when nutrients are exhausted
- Generally resistant to chemicals, drying, and mechanical stress -- not heat resistant
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