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What's the term for broad societal stories, sociocultural practices, assumptions, and expectations about how we should live?
Dominant Discourses
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Narrative counseling was developed by ______________ and _____________in ______________ and ____________.
- Michael White
- David Epston
- Australia
- New Zealand
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Narrative counseling is based on the premise that we "_____" and create _____________of life events, using available __________ ____________.
- "story"
- Meaning
- dominant discourses
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What are the Primary Philosophical foundations of Narrative Therapy?
- Foucault’s philosophical writings; critical theory; social
- constructionism
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What is the therapeutic Relationship like in Narrative therapy?
Therapist is more active, "co-editor" and "co- author"
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What is the Therapeutic Process like in Narrative Therapy?
Structured interventions
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What do politics and social justice look like in Narrative Therapy?
Social Justice issues are regularly included in therapy conversation
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The process of narrative therapy involves ______________ the ____________ from the _____________.
separating the person from the problem
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Narrative therapists assume that all people are ___________ and have __________, and they don not see "_______" as having problems but rather see __________ as being imposed upon people by unhelpful or harmful societal cultural practices.
- resourceful
- strengths
- "people"
- problems
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What are culturally generated stories about how life should go that are used to coordinate social behavior?
dominant discourses
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What stories occur in our heads, in our closer relationships, and marginalized communities?
Local discourses
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What are some questions for meeting the person and not the problem?
- What do you do for fun? Do you have hobbies?
- What do you like about living here? What don’t you like?
- Can you tell me about your friends and family?
- What is important to you in life?
- What is a typical weekday like? Weekend?
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What are the two stances narrative therapists take towards the problem?
- adversarial: wanting to outwit, outsmart, or evict it
- Compassionate- wanting to understand its message and concerns
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By separating people from problems, therapists connect with the "_____" int he client, which reinforces a sense of _______ and __________.
"best"
hope
optimism
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the role of the therapist is often described as co-author or co editor. What does this emphasize?
It emphasizes that the therapist and client engage in a joint process of constructing meaning.
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According to White, what is the primary goal of "investigative reporting"?
"To develop an expose' on the corruption associate with abuse of power and privilege."
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Rather than rushing to fix problems, narrative therapists uses a _____ but _________ stance to explore the origins of problems, in order to inspire clients to develop a better understanding of their __________ ___________.
calm
inquisitive
larger contexts
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What are narrative therapists listening for when the clients talk?
For the problem-saturated story- the story in which the problem plays the leading role, and the client plays a secondary role, or the victim.
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The therapist attends to how the problem affects the client at two levels. What are these levels?
1. individual level: health, emotions, thought, beliefs, identity, relationship with the divine)
2. Relational level: With significant other, parents, friends, coworkers, teachers
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When the client talks, the narrative therapist is listening for alternative endings and subplots in which problem is less of a problem and the person is an effective agent. What is this referred to as?
unique outcomes or sparkling events
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What is the purpose of all discourses?
To identify the set of "goods" and "values" that organize social interaction in a particular culture.
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What does it means to say that all cultures are essentially a set of dominant discourses?
It means that cultures are composed of social rules and values that make it possible for a group of people to interact meaningfully.
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What kinda of discourses are these examples?
couples who choose not to have children, same sex relationships, immigrant families wanting to preserve their roots, speaking English as a second language, teen subculture in any society.
Local and alternative discourses- Local discourses offer a different set of "goods," "shoulds" and ethical "values than what is portrayed in the dominant discourse.
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As a postmodern approach, narrative therapy does not include what?
A set of predefined goals that can be used with all clients. Instead, goal setting is unique to each client.
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In the broadest sense, the goal of narrative therapy is to help clients enact what?
Their preferred realities and identities.
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Enacting preferred narratives involves increasing clients sense of what?
Agency- the sense that they influence the direction of their lives
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What do middle-phase goals target?
Immediate symptoms and the presenting problem
Examples - "Increase sense of agency in problem-resolution conversations with spouse."
"Reduce. number of times mother and father allow anger to take over in response to child's defiance."
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What do late phase goals target?
Personal identity, relational identity, and the expanded community
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What are the interventions used in Narrative Therapy?
Externalizing - separating the problem from the person
Relative Influence Questioning- Mapping influence of the problem and persons
Externalizing conversations- The statement of Position Map
Externalizing Metaphors
Avoiding Totalizing and Dualistic Thinking
Externalizing Questions
Problem Deconstruction- deconstructive Listening and Questions
Mapping in Landscapes of Action and Identity or consciousness
Intentional Versus Internal State Questions
Scaffolding Conversations
Permission Questions
Situating Comments
Narrative Reflecting Team Practices
Re-Membering Conversations
Leagues
Definitional Ceremony
Letters and Certificates
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How is narrative therapy adapted specifically for children?
The externalization process seems to come more naturally to children because it is reflected in cartoons and literature. Externalization also adapts well to play and art therapies- media, drawings, clay, paintings, puppets, acting. This can accelerate their adaption of new behaviors.
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How is Narrative therapy used for Domestic Violence?
- Jenkin's Nine-step model for Working with Men Who Batter, requires the client to take full responsibility for the violence and for ending it.
- 1. Invite the man to address his violence.
- 2. Invite the man to argue for a non violent relationship
- 3. Invite the man to examine his misguided efforts to contribute to the relationship.
- 4. Invite the man to identify time trends in the relationship.
- 5. Invite the man to externalize restraints.
- 6. Deliver irresistible invitations to challenge restraints.
- 7. Invite the man to consider his readiness to take new action.
- 8. Facilitate the planning of new action.
- 9. Facilitate the discovery of new action.
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What is the signature technique of narrative therapy?
Externalizing- involves conceptually and linguistically separating the person from the problem.
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What is the key to the effectiveness of externalization?
the attitude- because in order to be successful, externalization requires a sincere belief that people are separate from their problems.
It needs to emerge from dialogue and not forced on the client
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What was the first detailed method for externalization, which serves simultaneously as an assessment and an intervention?
Relative influence questioning
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What are the two parts of relative influence questioning?
- 1. Mapping the influence of the problem
- 2. Mapping the influence of persons
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What is being mapped when therapists inquire about how the problem has affected the lives of the client and significant others, expanding the reach of the problem beyond how the client thinks of it?
The influence of the problem
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What are some question for mapping the influence of the problem?
How as the problem affected -
- -clients at a physical, emotional, and psychological level?
- -Client' identity stories and what hey tell themselves about their worth and who they are?
- -Client's closest relationships
- - Other relationships
- - The health, identity, emotions, and other relationships of significant people in clients' lives
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What's being mapped immediately after mapping the influence of the problems, and involves identifying how the person has affected the life of the problem?
The influence of the persons
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What are some questions for Mapping the influence of persons?
When have the persons involved-
- -Kept the problem from affecting their mood or how they value themselves as people?
- - Kept the problem from allowing themselves to enjoy special and/or casual relationships in their lives?
- - Kept the problem from interrupting their work or school lives?
- - Been able to keep the problem from taking over when it was starting ?
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What are the beneficial effects of externalization?
- - Decreases unproductive conflict and blame between family members.
- - Undermines senes of failure in relation to the problem by highlight times the persons have had influence over it.
- - Invites people to unite in a struggle against the problem and reduce its influence
- - Identifies new opportunities for reducing the influence of the problem
- - Encourages a lighter, less stressed approach to interacting with the problem
- - Increases interactive dialogue rather than repetitive monologue about the problem
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What are the four inquiry categories of the statement of position map?
- 1- Negotiating an experience-near definition: Define the problem using client's language
- 2- Mapping the effects: Identifying how the problem has affected the various domains of the client's life- home, work, school, and social contexts, relationships, identity, future
- 3- Evaluating the effects : Ask client to evaluate the effects - Are these activities ok with you? How do you feel about these developments?
- 4- Justifying the evaluation : Ask client about how and why they have evaluated the situation the way they have- Why do you feel this way? (giving clients a voice to what is important to them and not a sense of moral judgement)
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What are these examples of?
- Walking out on the problem
- Going on strike against the problem
- Educating the problem
-Taming the problem
- Undermining the problem
Externalizing metaphors
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What is it called when the problem is described as all bad, and promotes dualistic thinking and ultimately invalidates the client?
Totalizing descriptions of the problem
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What does the narrative therapist use to -
help clients build different relationships with their problems?
transforms adjectives to nouns ) depressed, anxious, angry to depression, anxiety, anger)
Presumes that the persons are separate from the problem
externalizing questions
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What are these examples of?
What made you vulnerable to the Y so that it was able to dominate your life?
In what context is the Y most likely to take over?
externalizing questions
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What intervention helps clients trace the effects of dominate discourses and empowers them to make more conscious choices about which discourses they allow to affect their life?
Deconstructive listening and questions
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What does the therapist listen for when deconstructive listening?
They listen for "gaps" in clients' understanding and ask them to fill in the details.
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What does deconstructive questions help clients do, and what do the questions target?
It helps them "unpack" their stories to see how they have been constructed, identifying the influence of dominant and local discourses.
The questions target problematic beliefs, practices, feelings, and attitudes.
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What 5 things do deconstructive questions ask the client to identify?
- 1. History of their relationship with the problem.
- 2. Context- The contextual influences on the problem.
- 3. Effects of results of the problem.
- 4. Interrelationships with other beliefs, practices, feelings or attitudes.
- 5. Strategies and tactics used by the problem.
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What intervention is a specific technique for harnessing unique outcomes to promote desired change?
Mapping the problem in the landscapes of action and identity or consciousness.
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What are the four steps of mapping in landscapes of action and Identity or consciousness?
1. Identify a unique outcome- Listen for and ask about times when the problem could have been a problem but was not.
2. Ensure that the unique outcome is preferred- Don't assume, but ask about whether the unique outcome is preferred.
3. Map in landscape of action - Identify what actions were taken by whom in which order, plot the events creating a step-by-step picture and gather details about
- - critical events
- - circumstances surrounding events
- - sequence of events
- - timing of events
- -Overall plot
4. Map in the landscape of identity or consciousness- After getting a clear picture of what happened during the unique outcome, begin to map in the landscape of identity. This phase thickens the plot and strengthens the connection of the preferred outcome with the client's personal identity.
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What kind of questions are about a person's intentions in a given situation?
intentional state questions
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What kind of questions are about how a person is feeling or thinking?
Internal state questions
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Why does White prefer intentional state questions over internal state question?
Because intentional state questions promote a sense of personal agency, and internal state questions can diminish one's sense of agency, increasing isolation and discouraging diversity.
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What intervention does this describe?
- based on Vygotsky's concept of zones of proximal development
- Moves clients from that which is familiar to that which is novel
scaffolding conversations
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Scaffolding is a term White developed with clients to describe what five incremental movements across the zone of proximal development?
- 1. Low-level distancing task
- 2. Medium-level distancing tasks
- 3. Medium-to high level distancing tasks
- 4. High level distancing task
- 5. Very high level distancing tasks
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Which distancing task does this describe?
- characterizes a unique outcome
- Client is close to what is familiar
- client is encouraged to attribute meanings to events that have previously gone unnoticed
Example - "are there times when you don't get into an argument even though there is tension? "
Low-level distancing task
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What distancing task does this describe?
- Allows unique outcomes to be taken into a chain of association
- Introduces greater "newness," encouraging more comparisons and contrasts with other unique outcomes
Example - "How was last night's effective problem solving conversation similar or different from the one you described last week? "
Medium-level distancing task
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What distancing task does this describe?
- Reflects on a chain of associations
- encourages clients to reflect on, evaluate, and learn from the differences and similarities with other tasks
Example - "Looking back over these examples of effective problem solving, is thee anything that stands out as useful in preventing arguments? "
Medium to high - level distancing tasks
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What distancing task does this describe?
-Promotes abstract learning and realizations.
-Requires clients to assume a lot of distance from their immediate experience
- promotes increased abstract conceptualization of life and identity
Example - " What do these effective problem solving conversations says about you as a person and about your relationship?"
High-level distancing tasks
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What distancing task does this describe?
-Plans for action
- Promote the most distancing from immediate experiences
- Enables clients to identify ways of enacting their newly developed concepts about life and identity
Example - "Do you have ideas of how you want to translate these ideas into future action?"
Very high level distancing task
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What questions do narrative therapists use to emphasize the democratic nature of the therapeutic relationship and encourage clients to maintain a clear, strong sense of agency when talking with the therapist?
Permission questions
example " Would it be okay if I ask you some questions about your sex life?"
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What intervention is used to maintain a more democratic therapeutic relationship and reinforces client agency by ensuring that comments from the therapist are not taken as a "higher," or "more "valid" truth than the client's?
Situating comments
example " Having grown up on a farm, my attention is of course drawn to..."
"There is one therapist who has developed a theory that suggests...."
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What are three primary task assigned to reflecting teams?
1. Develop a thorough understanding by closely attending to details of the story.
2. Listen for differences and events that do not fit the dominant problem saturated narrative.
3. Notice beliefs, ideas, or contexts that support the saturated descriptions.
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What are the seven guidelines for reflecting teams?
1. During the reflecting process, the reflecting team members participate in a back and forth conversation rather than in a monologue.
2. Team members should not talk to each other while observing the interview.
3. Comments should be offered in a tentative manner.
4. Comments are based on what actually occurs in the room.
5. when appropriate, comments are situated in teh speaker's personal experience.
6. All family members should be responded to in some way.
7. Reflections should be kept short.
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What intervention was meant to develop a multi-voiced sense of personal identity grounded in associations of life (includes a "membership" of significant people and identities from client's past, present, and projected future) that enables clients to make sense of their lives in a more coherent and orderly way?
Re-membering Conversations
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What are the four components of Re-Membering Conversations
- 1. Identifying the other person's contribution to the client's life
- 2. Articulating how the other person may have viewed the client's identity
- 3. Considering how the client may have affected the other person's life
- 4. Specifying the implications for the client's identity
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What concept does a narrative therapist use to solidify a new narrative and new identities, and signifies an accomplishment in a particular area?
leagues
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What intervention is used toward the end of therapy to solidify the emerging preferred narrative and identity, which involves inviting significant others to witness the emerging story?
Definitional Ceremonies
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What are the three phases of the definitional ceremony?
1. The first telling - The client tells his or her life story, highlighting the emerging identity stories as the invited witnesses listen.
2. Retelling- The witnesses take turns retelling the story from their perspectives, refrain from offering advice or judgements, and situate any comments.
3. Retelling of the retelling- The client then retells the story incorporating aspects of the witnesses' stories.
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What intervention does this describe?
- Used to develop and solidify preferred narratives and identities
- Can be used in lieu of doing case notes
- Use the same techniques used in session to reinforce the emerging narrative
Narrative Letters
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What four functions do Narrative Letters perform?
1. Emphasize client agency
2. Take observer position
3. Highlight temporality
4. Encourage Polysemy (multiple meanings)
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What intervention is often used with children to recognize the changes they have made and reinforce their new "reputation".
Certificates
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What are the six areas for in a narrative specific case conceptualization?
- 1. Meeting Persons Apart from the Problem
- 2. Preferred Narratives: Hopes and Aspirations for Self and Other
- 3. Problem-Saturated Narrative
- 4. Unique Outcomes/ Sparkling Events: Influence of Persons
- 5. Dominant Discourses and Diversity
- 6. Identity and Local narratives
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs when meeting persons apart from the problem?
Describe who the client is with hobbies, interests, career, etc.
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs during Preferred Narratives: Hopes and Aspirations for Self and Other?
- - Aspirations for self (for each person)
- - Aspiration for others/relationships (for each person)
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs in the problem - saturated Narrative section?
Describe each significant person's description of the problem:
- - Extended family
- - Broader system- referring party, teachers, relatives, legal system
- - Map the influence of the problem- Describe how the problem is affecting the persons at (a) a personal level (b) a relational level (c) Broader life circumstances
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs in the Unique Outcomes/ sparking Events: Influence of Persons section?
- 1. When is the problem less of a problem?
- 2. when was the problem expected but did not occur?
- 3. In what relationships or context int eh problem less of a problem or not a problem?
- 4. What are people currently doing that keep the problem from being worse?
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs in the Dominant Discourses and Diversity section?
- Ethnic, race, class, immigration status, and religious discourses: How do key cultural discourses inform what is perceived as a problem and possible solutions (specify ethnicity)
- Gender and Sexuality discourses: How do the gender and sexual discourses inform what is perceived as a problem? Do these intersect with ethnicity and/or religion?
- Community, school, and extended family discourses : How do other important community discourses inform what is perceived as a problem?
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In the Narrative case conceptualization, what occurs in the Identity and Local narratives section?
- - Identity narrative: How has the problem shaped each family member's identity?
- - Local or preferred discourses: What is the client's preferred identity narrative and/or narrative about the problem? Are there local (alternative ) discourses about the problem that are preferred?
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Socioculturally attuned narrative therapists encourages just relationships by helping family members ________ problematic and oppressive societal and familial power dynamics.
name
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The narrative therapist ensures all perspectives, including the most marginalized, are __________ in therapeutic conversations.
valued
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Narrative therapists structure their inquiry to ___________ in problematic or inequitable relationships and help families __________ more just alternatives as preferred narratives.
intervene
envision
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Why is NFT considered generative?
Because it encourages clients to construct preferred narratives that eliminate problems and create more positive futures.
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What does it mean to say "the problem is the problem" ?
Instead of viewing a person or a relationship as pathological, dysfunctional, or defective, narrative therapists contend that person are separate form their problems.
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Instead of thinking of externalization as an intervention, what's the more accurately way to understand it?
As a way of thinking and talking that invites a therapeutic process, generative stance, or philosophy.
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What is key to narrative practice ?
The idea that dominant stories can restrict our ability to see ourselves from a broader perspective in relation to our problems.
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What is the aim of socioculturally attuned NFT?
It includes helping clients deconstruct dominant discourses that maintain problems, co-create new narratives, and take action in support of preferred narratives. It also includes exploring with clients collective discourses of resistance to socially unjust dominant discourses.
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In narrative therapy, when does second order change occur?
When clients reclaim their lives from dominant stories, which in turn transforms their narratives and their relationships.
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What are some questions that aim to deconstruct oppressive societal discourse?
“How do you think homophobia is influencing the dominant view you have of yourself?”
- “In what ways has racism played a role in what is bringing
- you to therapy?”
“How does sexism operate in your life?”
“If ableism could speak to you, what kind of messages do you think it would be saying about your worth as a person? A partner? A friend?”
- “If your most empowered, best self were able to stand up to classism, what
- would you want it to understand about you?”
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What are the five practice guidelines that help family members recognize the impact of societal systems of power and oppression on not only how they story their lives, problems, and preferred narratives, but also on the material realities of their lives?
- 1. Expand the Map to Include Sociopolitical structures.
- 2. Deconstruct Power-Embedded Relational Inequity and name Injustices
- 3. Explore Values Embedded in Narratives
- 4. Support Relational Equity and Disrupt Oppressive Power Dynamics
- 5. Thicken Stories of Resistance and Resilience
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