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Which of the following functions are performed by the Golgi complex within the cell?
Packages Protein Compounds
Note: The Golgi complex is involved in the functions of segregation, packaging, and transport of protein compounds within the cell.
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Which type of cellular junction attaches the junctional epithelium to the tooth surface?
Hemidesmosomal
Note: Hemidesmosomes are involved as a mechanism allowing gingival tissue to be secured to the tooth surface by the epithelial attachment. A hemidesmosome involves an attachment of a cell to an adjacent noncellular surface.
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The smallest living unit of organization in the body is a(n)
CELL
Note: The smallest living unit of organization in the body is the cell because each cell is capable of performing any necessary functions without the aid of other cells. Each cell has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions. Thus, every cell is a world unto itself.
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A collection of similarly specialized cells in the body is termed a(n)?
TISSUE
Note: Cells with similar characteristics of form and function are grouped together to form a tissue. Thus, a tissue is a collection of similarly specialized cells, most often surrounded by extracellular materials. The smallest living unit of organization in the body is the cell because each cell is capable of performing any necessary functions without the aid of other cells.
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The semifluid material contained within cell membrane boundary is the:
CYTOPLASM
Note: The cytoplasm includes the semifluid part contained within the cell membrane boundary, as well as the skeletal system of support or cytoskeleton. The fluid part within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm, which contains important molecules used in the construction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear materials. The cells in each tissue type are surrounded by extracellular materials, which include both tissue fluid and intercellular substance. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a membrane similar to the cell membrane.
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The fluid part within the nucleus of the cell is called:
NUCLEOPLASM
Note:The fluid part within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm, which contains important molecules used in the construction of ribosomes, nucleic acids, and other nuclear materials. The cytoplasm includes the semifluid part contained within the cell membrane boundary, as well as the skeletal system of support or cytoskeleton. The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a membrane similar to the cell membrane. The cells in each tissue type are surrounded by extracellular materials, which include both tissue fluid and intercellular substance.
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The specialized, metabolically active structures within the cell are called:
ORGANELLES
Note: The organelles are metabolically active specialized structures within the cell. Nuclear pores may pierce the nuclear envelope. In an actively dividing cell, the chromatin condenses into microscopically visible, discrete, rod-like chromosomes. The cytoplasm contains cavities or vacuoles.
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The active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment is termed?
Exocytosis
Note: Exocytosis is an active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment. The uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell is endocytosis. Endocytosis can also take the form of phagocytosis, which is the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material. Interphase involves the cells engaging in growth, metabolism, organelle replacement, and substance production, including chromatin and centrosome replication between mitosis.
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Which of the following is NOT a phase are within mitosis or cell division?
Repolarization
Note: The cell division that takes place during mitosis consists of four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Between mitosis is interphase. Interphase has three phases
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Which of following are metabolically inert substances in the cell that are also considered transient?
Inclusions
Note: The cell contains inclusions, which are metabolically inert substances that are also considered transient over time in the cell. The cytoplasm contains cavities or vacuoles. The intermediate filaments are of various types of thicker, threadlike microscopic structures within the cell that serve as part of the cytoskeleton. The lysosomes are organelles produced by the Golgi complex and function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell.
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Which of the following organelles in a cell can appear microscopically either smooth or rough?
ENDOplasmic Reticulum
Note:The endoplasmic reticulum can be classified as either smooth or rough, which is determined by the absence or presence of ribosomes, each giving a different microscopic appearance to the structure, as well differing in function. Once the endoplasmic reticulum has modified the new protein entering the cell, it is then transferred to the Golgi complex for subsequent segregation, packaging, and transport of protein compounds. The lysosomes are organelles produced by the Golgi complex and function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell. Within the cell there is a three-dimensional system of support using cellular scaffolding, the cytoskeleton.
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Which of the following organelles are produced by the Golgi complex and function as well in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell?
LYSOSOMES
Note: The lysosomes are organelles produced by the Golgi complex and function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell. The ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus from MRNA and protein molecules and are assembled in the cytoplasm. Once the endoplasmic reticulum has modified the new protein entering the cell, it is then transferred to the Golgi complex for subsequent segregation, packaging, and transport of protein compounds. The nucleus stores the genetic code.
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Which of the following is the main hydrolytic enzyme found in lysosomes?
Hyaluronidase
Note: The lysosomes are organelles produced by the Golgi complex and function in both intracellular and extracellular digestion by the cell. The main hydrolytic enzyme in lysosomes is hyaluronidase. The cells in each tissue type are surrounded by extracellular materials, which include both intercellular substance and tissue fluid. Lysozyme is a gastric enzyme found in the organ of the stomach during digestion.
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Which of the following is not considered a component of the cytoskeleton within a cell?
VACUOLES
Note: The components of the cytoskeleton include microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The cytoplasm contains cavities or vacuoles.
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What is the main difference between the cell membrane and nuclear envelope within the cell?
Nuclear envelope is double-layered.
Note: The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, a membrane similar to the cell membrane, except that it is double-layered. The nuclear pores may pierce the nuclear envelope. The fluid part within the nucleus is the nucleoplasm. The cytoplasm includes the semifluid part contained within the cell membrane boundary.
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Which of the following involves the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material ( or pathogens such as bacteria) by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material?
Phagocytosis
Note: Phagocytosis is the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of the material. Exocytosis is an active transport of material from a vesicle within the cell out into the extracellular environment. The endoplasmic reticulum’s primary functions are modification, storage, segregation, and finally transport of proteins that the cell manufactures (on the ribosomes) for use in other sections of the cell or even outside the cell. The intermediate filaments are of various types of thicker, threadlike microscopic structures within the cell and are part of the cytoskeleton.
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Which type of bone tissue has a Haversian system with osteons?
Compact Bone
Note: Deep to the periosteum is a dense layer of compact bone. Deep to the compact bone is a spongy bone, or cancellous bone. Both compact bone and cancellous bone have the same cellular components, but each has a different arrangement of those components. The highly organized arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone is the Haversian system. In the Haversian system, these lamellae form concentric layers of matrix into cylinders or osteons. Bone matrix is initially formed as osteoid, which later undergoes mineralization. The first bone to be produced is considered primary or immature bone.
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Which of the following tissue types provides nutrition for the underlying compact bone?
Periosteum
Note: Periosteum is a double-layered, dense connective tissue sheath that covers the outer part of bone and provides nutrition for the underlying compact bone. Cartilage is present at articular surfaces of most freely movable joints, such as the temporomandibular joint. Deep to the periosteum is a dense layer of compact bone. Deep to the compact bone is a spongy bone, or cancellous bone.
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Which of the following basic tissue types is usually composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart and containing larger amounts of matrix between the cells?
Connective tissue
Note: Connective tissue is composed of fewer cells spaced farther apart and containing larger amounts of matrix between the cells. Epithelium generally consists of closely grouped polyhedral cells surrounded by little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid. A neuron is the functional cellular component of the nervous system. Each muscle is composed of numerous muscle bundles, or fascicles.
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The macrophages found in the connective tissue are derived from?
Monocytes
Note: Within the connective tissue proper is the macrophage, which is considered a monocyte before it migrates from the blood into the tissue. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils are the first white blood cells to appear at an injury site when the inflammatory response is triggered. The basophil is a white blood cell in the blood involved in the hypersensitivity response, along with the mast cell in the connective tissue.
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Which type of blood cell is directly responsible for immunoglobulin production?
Plasma Cells
Note: The B-cell lymphocytes are white blood cells that divide during the immune response to form plasma cells. Once mature, plasma cells produce an immunoglobulin. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes or neutrophils are the first white blood cells to appear at an injury site when the inflammatory response is triggered. The basophil is a white blood cell in the blood involved in the hypersensitivity response, along with the mast cell in the connective tissue.
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Which of the following structures separates the epithelium from the connective tissue?
Basement Membrane
Note: The basement membrane is a thin, acellular structure always located between any form of epithelium and its underlying connective tissue, as noted in both the skin and oral mucosa. In oral mucosa, the connective tissue proper is considered the lamina propria, and the deeper connective tissue sometimes present is the submucosa, similar to the hypodermis in the skin. The outer part of bone is covered by periosteum. Lining the medullary cavity of bone on the inside of the layers of bone is the endosteum.
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Anchoring collagen fibers are found?
In the connective tissue adjacent to lamina-densa
Note: Attachment mechanisms are also part of the basement membrane. These involve hemidesmosomes with the attachment plaque as well as tonofilaments from the epithelium and the anchoring collagen fibers from the connective tissue. The lamina lucida is a clear layer that is closer to the epithelium, and the lamina densa is a dense layer that is closer to the connective tissue and involves the adjacent anchoring collagen fibers.
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What is the term used to describe the amount of time it takes for newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout a tissue?
Turnover
Note: The turnover time is the time it takes for the newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout the tissue. The turnover time differs for each of the basic tissue types in the orofacial region, as well as for specific regions of the oral cavity. Fusion occurs during prenatal development when processes join together. Mitosis or cell division is the process, in the cell cycle, by which a cell duplicates into two genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction.
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Which of the following tissue types covers and lines both the external and internal body surfaces?
Epithelium
Note: Epithelium is the tissue that covers and lines both the external and internal body surfaces, including vessels and small cavities. Adipose connective tissue is a fatty tissue that is found beneath the skin, around organs and various joints, and in regions of the oral cavity. Connective tissue is involved in support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair, and defense. Cartilage is present at articular surfaces of most freely movable joints.
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What is the special term used for the simple squamous epithelium that lines the vessels and serious cavities of the body?
ENDOthelium
Note: Simple squamous epithelium consists of flattened platelike epithelial cells, or squames, lining blood and lymphatic vessels, heart, and serous cavities, as well as interfaces in the lungs and kidneys. The term endothelium is used to refer to the simple squamous epithelium lining of these vessels and serous cavities. Epithelium can also be considered pseudostratified columnar epithelium because all the cells line up to contact inner the basement membrane even if all the cells do not reach the outer surface of the tissue. Epidermis is the superficial layer of the skin. The reticular fibers of connective tissue can be found in relationship to an evolving embryonic tissue.
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Attachment plaques and tonofilaments are both components of ____________________?
Basement Membrane
Note: junctions such as desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. Fehrenback p. 84-Book
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The crystalline formation of mature bone consists of mainly of which of the following?
Calcium Hydroxyapatite
Note: Mature bone consists of cells and a partially mineralized matrix that is 50% inorganic material. It is this inorganic substance in a crystalline formation of mainly calcium hydroxyapatite that gives bone its hardness. Bone matrix is initially formed as osteoid, which later undergoes mineralization. Mature bone contains osteocytes, which are entrapped mature osteoblasts, contain a cell body which is surrounded by mature bone. The cytoplasmic processes of the osteocyte radiate outward in all directions in the bone and are located in tubular canals of matrix, or canaliculi.
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The extensions or interdigitations of epithelium into connective tissue as appear on histologic section are the?
Rete Ridges
Note: Interdigitation of the outer epithelium with the deeper connective tissue occurs with the epithelial tissue forming rete ridges, but there is always a basement membrane located between these two tissue types. Flattened platelike epithelial cells are called squames.
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By weight, which of the following is considered the most abundant type of basic tissue in body?
CT-Connective Tissue
Note: When taken together, all of the connective tissue of the body represents, by weight, the most abundant type of basic tissue in the body. Connective tissue is involved in support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair, and defense. The basic histologic tissue types include epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.
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The main superficial layer of the basement membrane is the _____ and is produced by the epithelium.
Basal Lamina
Note: The main superficial layer of the basement membrane is the basal lamina and is produced by the epithelium. The deeper layer of the basement membrane is usually the reticular lamina produced by the underlying connective tissue. The lamina lucida is a clear layer that is closer to the epithelium, and the lamina densa is a dense layer that is closer to the connective tissue.
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Most epithelium in the body consists of _____, which includes the superficial layer of the skin and oral mucosa?
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Note:Most epithelium in the body consists of stratified squamous epithelium, which includes the superficial layer of the skin and oral mucosa. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Simple squamous epithelium lines the blood and lymphatic vessels, heart, and serous cavities. Endothelium is used to refer to the simple squamous epithelium lining of these vessels and serous cavities.
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Epithelium, unlike connective tissue, is _____, which means that it never has a blood supply of its own.
Avascular
Note: Epithelium is avascular, having no blood supply of its own. Cellular nutrition consisting of oxygen and metabolites is obtained by diffusion from the adjoining connective tissue, which is usually highly vascularized, providing its own source of nutrition. Stratified epithelium consists of two or more layers of cells, with only the deepest layer lining up to contact the basement membrane. Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells. The keratin within the keratinized tissue is a tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein that is impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction; this is not present in nonkeratinized tissue.
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What is connective tissue directly derived from during prenatal development?
Somites of Mesoderm
Note: Connective tissue is derived from the somites during prenatal development. Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the sides of the developing embryo.
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Where in the adult body does reticular connective tissue still predominate?
Lymph Nodes
Note: Reticular connective tissue still predominates in the lymph nodes and spleen of the adult. Collagen fibers (Type I) are found in dermis, bone, tendons, and virtually all other types of connective tissue. Certain regions in the oral cavity, such as the soft palate, contain elastic fibers in the connective tissue of lamina propria.
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What is the most common type of collagen protein in the body?
Type I
Note: The most common type of collagen protein is Type I collagen, which is found in the teeth, lamina propria of the oral mucosa, skin dermis, bone, tendons, and virtually all other types of connective tissue. Type II is in hyaline and elastic cartilage. Type III is the main component in reticular fibers. Type IV is found in the basal lamina of the basement membrane and other body tissue types.
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The nervous system has two main divisions, which include the central nervous system and the _____ nervous system?
Peripheral
Note: The nervous system has two main divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system includes both the somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system.
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Which of the following statements concerning the autonomic nervous system is correct?
The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system.
Note: The autonomic nervous system includes the sympathetic system and parasympathetic system. Most organs are usually supplied by both divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nerves are efferent processes, and they are always in two-neuron circuits. The autonomic nervous system operates without conscious control as the caretaker of the body.
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Which of the following are not skeletal muscles?
Linings of blood vessels
Note: Skeletal muscles include the muscles of facial expression, tongue, pharynx, and upper esophagus, as well as the muscles of mastication. Smooth muscles are located in organs, glands, and the linings of blood vessels.
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Similar to connective tissue, most muscles are derived during prenatal development from?
Somites of Mesoderm
Note: Similar to connective tissue, most muscles are derived from somites. Somites are bilaterally paired blocks of mesoderm that form along the sides of the developing embryo.
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Which of the following appears as very red soft tissue that bleeds easily after injury or surgery and can be present after extraction of 3rd molars or with chronic periodontal disease?
Granulation Tissue
Note: Granulation tissue is an immature connective tissue that has few fibers and an increased amount of blood vessels. Granulation tissue can clinically appear as a redder soft tissue that bleeds easily after injury or surgery, such as in the oral cavity after a tooth extraction.
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Which of the following can occur with aging to the disc of the temporomandibular joint?
Deposition of cartilage
Note: With the temporomandibular joint, cartilage may form abnormally within an aging joint disc that is usually only composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, which may cause difficulties with movement.
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The head of the mandibular condyle is formed by ENDOchondral ossification that has a multidirectional growth capacity?
True
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All of the following types of epithelial cells may be stratified EXCEPT:
cuboidal, Pseudostratified, columnar, squamous
Note: Fehrenback p. 88-Book
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Erythrocytes and thrombocytes both have large, kidney bean-shaped nuclei.
FALSE
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