Orgo test 1

An ester group in the middle and fats branching off each end

• 1. For species with more than one valid Lewis structure
• 2. Molecules are really a hybrid of all the resonances structures put together
• 3. The hybrid looks like the most stable structure (the one with the lowest charge)
• 4. Resonance structures provide stabilization
• 5. Stabilization is usually higher where structures are equal
• 6. The more resonance structures a molecule has, the more stable it is

• 1. Greatest separation of charge (if there is more than one)
• 2. All octets are satisfied
• 3. Lowest number of formal charges
• 4. The negative charge is on the most electronegative element

• Don't break bonds 
• Don't exceed octets for 2nd row elements (B, C, N, O, F)

A lone pair adjacent to a double or triple bond

Carbon attached directly to a double bond. There is no resonance here

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

• They can be either structural or enzymatic
• Proteins are created from alpha- amino acids

• They can fuel metabolic pathways (glycogen)
• Used in cell structure (cellulose)
• Help in blood clotting process
• Immune system regulation 
• Polysaccharides are long molecules made up of smaller monosaccharides (simple sugars)

• Large molecular chains that store and transfer genetic information 
• Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides
• RNA- cytosine, guanine, uracil, adenine
• DNA- guanine, cytosine, adenine, guanine

Poor orbital overlap

How easy it is to induce a dipole moment in a normally non-polar molecule

The larger the electron cloud, the easier it is to induce a dipole moment

• Surface area
• Higher the surface area, the higher the boiling point

Solubility decreases. The cutoff is usually 5 carbons, because at this point the hydrophobic part of the molecule is larger than the hydrophyllic

Protic solvents contain H atoms that can act as hydrogen bonding donors. Aprotic does not contain such hydrogen atoms

• Protic solvents solvate both cations and anions
• Aprotic only solvate cations

Have one polar and one non-polar end. The chains form spheres, with the non-polar ends in the middle, that bring dirt into the center of the sphere

• Mostly non-polar and hydrophobic
• Subclasses: fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes

3 adjacent ester groups

All have the 6,6,6,5 ring structure

• Naturally produced, contain only carbon and hydrogen
• Carbon backbones that are broken down into 5 carbon isoprenes, with the fifth carbon always being on the branch
• They are classified by the number of isoprene units they contain

Same as terpenes except molecules other than carbon and hydrogen have been introduced

• 1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbons with greatest number of substituents
• 2. Number the chain so that the substituents are attached to the lowest number
• 3. Name the substituents as if they are their own groups:
• -In alphabetical order except for iso- which is not a prefix