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when does the development of the face and neck begin?
week 4 of the prenatal period (embryonic period)
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All arches and processes are formed with ______ on the outside, ______ in the middle, and ______ on the inside.
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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what are placodes and what process do they form with?
- thickened ectoderm that will develop into sensory organs
- Frontonasal process
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what are the three types of placodes and what are they?
- lens placodes-future eyes, will migrate mesially
- otic placodes: future ears
- nasal placodes: future nose and olfactory cells
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what three major parts are created in the nose and paranasal sinus formation?
- nasal pits
- medial nasal processes
- lateral nasal processes
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how are the nasal pits created, what will it become?
Nasal placodes submerge and create the nasal pits, become the nasal cavity.
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As the nasal cavity (nasal pits) deepen what develops and where are they developing?
- superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
- lateral walls of nasal cavity
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what is the medial nasal processes and where is it located?
- Bilateral crescent shaped tissues
- between the two nasal pits
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what will the medial nasal processes form (externally and internally)?
- fuse externally to form the middle portion of the nose
- fuse internally to form the intermaxillary segment
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what does the intermaxillary segment give rise to?
- maxillary incisors
- primary palate
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what is the lateral nasal processes?
bilateral crescent shaped tissues lateral to each nasal cavity
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what do the lateral nasal processes fuse to become?
alae of the nose
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what three major things develop in the maxillary processes?
- upper and labial commisure
- nasolacrimal groove
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what fuse together in the upper and labial commissure formation?
medial nasal processes fuse with bilateral maxillary processes. maxillary processes fuse with mandibular processes to form the labial commisures
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what is a cleft lip?
failure of fusion between maxillary and medial nasal processes, it can be bilateral or unilateral.
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is it more common for boys or girls to have a cleft lip?
boys
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the nasolacrimal groom forms from what fusions and what does it give rise to?
- forms from the fusion of the maxillary processes and the lateral nasal processes
- gives rise to the nasolacrimal duct.
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what happens during the stomodeum and oral cavity formation?
the oropharyngeal membrane disintegrates and opens into the primitive pharynx
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what is the stomodeum and what is it initially sealed off by?
- primitive mouth
- oropharyngeal membrane
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what is the primitive pharynx?
beginning of the digestive system
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what is the mandibular arch and lower face formation called?
first branchial arch
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what is the first to form?
stomodeum
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what is the first arch to form?
first branchial arch (mandibular arch)
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what forms in the first branchial arch?
- mandibular processes
- meckel's cartilage
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where does the mandibular processes form?
form inferior to the stomodeum
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where do the mandibular processes fuse and what do they become?
fuse in the middle to become the mandibular arch
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what is the mandibulasr symphysis?
faint line where the mandibular processes fuse.
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what is the meckel's cartilage?
cartilage that forms within each side of the mandibular arch
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what does the meckel's cartilage give rise to?
malleus and incus
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what is the perichondrium and what does it give rise to?
- cartilage surrounding Meckel's Cartilage
- temporomandibular ligaments
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when is the development of the neck taking place?
parallels the development of the face. Week 4
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what forms the development of the neck?
branchial or pharyngeal arches
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what does branchial mean?
gills
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What is the branchial groove?
wedgie between the first branchial arch and the secon branchial arch
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what is the cartilage associated with the second branchial arch and where does it form?
reichert's cartilage, within each side of the arch
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what is the branchial arch also called?
hyoid arch
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what are the branchial arches of the neck?
- second branchial arch (hyoid arch)
- third branchial arch
- fourth/sixth arch
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what are the pharyngeal pouches? where are they located?
- first, second and third/fourth pharyngeal pouches
- back side of arches (back of archie)
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what are the parts of the frontonasal process?
medial nasal process and lateral nasal process
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what does the frontonasal process give rise to?
- upper face
- forehead
- bridge of nose
- nasal septum
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what does the medial nasal process give rise to?
- middle portion of the nose
- intermaxillary segment- maxillary incisors
- primary palate
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what does the lateral nasal process give rise to?
ala of nose
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what does the maxillary process give rise to?
- midface
- sides of upper lip
- cheeks
- secondary palate
- posterior portion of maxilla with teeth
- maxillary canines
- zygomatic bone
- portions of the temporal bone
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what does the mandibular arch (first branchial arch) give rise to?
- lower face
- lower lip
- mandible with teeth
- trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
- muscles of mastication
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what does the meckel's cartilage give rise to?
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what does the periochondrium around the meckel's cartilage give rise to?
temporomandibular ligaments
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what does the branchial groove give rise to?
eardrum
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what does the hyoid arch (second branchial arch) give rise to?
- muscles of facial expression
- suprahyoid muscles
- facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
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what does the reichert's cartilage give rise to?
- stapes
- styloid process
- upper portion of hyoid bone
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what does the perichondrium around the reichert's cartilage give rise to?
ligaments of the hyoid bone
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what does the third branchial arch give rise to?
pharyngeal muscle
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what doe the unnamed cartilage of the third branchial arch give rise to
lower portion of hyoid bone
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what does the fourth/sixth branchial arch give rise to?
muscles of larynx and pharynx
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what are the internal primitive structures?
first second and third/fourth pharyngeal pouches
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what does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to?
auditory tubes
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what does the second pharyngeal arch give rise to?
palatine tonsils
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what does the third/fourth pharyngeal pouch give rise to?
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
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what are the external primitive structures?
- frontonasal process
- maxillary process
- mandibular arch (first branchial arch)
- branchial groove
- second branchial arch (hyoid arch)
- third branchial arch
- fourth/sixth branchial arch
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