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What are functional foods?
Foods that prevent illness
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Who leads the world in consumer sales on functional foods and dietary supplements
The USA
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Asprin is form the extracts of what tree?
willow trees (bark), Salix spp.
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Salicin is
A chemical compound, salicin, a glycoside, that was first isolated in the 19th century.
Rev. Edmund Stone used willow for the treatment of fever and chills during the 18th century.
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What was salicin initially used for?
rheumatic fever, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. (control pain, side effects: stomach cramps)
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Aspirin was discovered by
Felix Hoffman in 1898 a chemist in Bayer company. His father suffered from arthritis and stomach problems.
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Aspirin is valued for its three classic properties:
Anti-inflammatory
Antipyretic - Fever reducer
Analgesic – Pain-relieving
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Where does the name asprin come from?
The name aspirin is based on “a” for acetylsalicylic acid and “sprin” for Spirea another plant source.
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Taxol (Paclitaxal)
from Pacific Yew plant (from bark) Taxus brevifolia, a conifer (cone bearing plant- gymnosperm) – need tree to be 100+ yrs old(natural source). Almost went extinct, now making in the lab. Taxol is an anticancer drug.
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Warfarin (coumadin)
from sweet clover Melilotus spp.
Chemical compound is Coumadin that has anticoagulant activity. – Thins the blood. Cannot eat vit. K
Warfarin is used to prevent blood clots. Usually prescribed for people who have suffered a heart attack and stroke.
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Vincristine
from Rosy periwinkle Catharanthus roseus – from Madagascar islands.
Vincristine and Vinblastine are the chemical compounds extracted from the leaves.
Used for the treatment of childhood leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, lymphoma, breast cancer, sarcoma and more.
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Coatem
from Chinese Artemisia (Wormwood)
Used to treat cerebral Malaria.
Chemical compound is artemisinin
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Cinchona
the 1st malaria drug, gave quinine (chemical compound) – lots of side effects: depression, miscarriages and tetanus.
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How do we actually prove that a herbal product is actually effective?
1. Traditional use of a medicinal plant
2. Plausible anecdotes
3. Pharmacological studies
4. Observational studies
5. Clinical studies
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Preclinical phase
Phase I trials
Phase II trials
Phase III trials
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Phase I trials (Preclinical)
relatively few healthy people (<12) to determine the best dosage form and safe dose.
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Phase II trials (preclinical)
- are done in a large number of patients to test the efficacy and to evaluate
- safety.
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Phase III trials (preclinical)
- are done on a relatively large number of patients to test the new drug against their
- current standard treatment.
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Quality control
is the procedure that ensures safety and efficacy of phytomedicines by careful checking:
The correct identity of the active ingredients – herbs or extracts
The correct therapeutic concentrations or doses of the active ingredients
The purity and hygiene of the product (no undesirable contaminants
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Purity
Raw materials or finished product have to be free from adulterants – may dilute or modify reaction.
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Standardization
ensures that all batches contain the same specified concentration of the active chemical compounds.
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Safety studies
Clinical trials are required by the regulatory authorities before a new phytomedicine can be registered.
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Pharmacognosy
is the science that deals with the identification of medicinal plants and drugs.
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Shoot system
above the ground (bark only in mature plants)
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Root System
below the ground
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Harpagophytum procumbens (Devils Claw)
The common name was based on its peculiar fruit shape.
Dried, sliced toots are used to reduce low back pain and inflammation.
Widely used in Europe for mild joint pain. Helps with digestion. Taken internally as a tonic.
Harpagoside - glycoside
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Fatty oilis comes from the
seed
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essential oil come from
leaves/flowers (evaporate and give off aroma.)
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Essential oil
aetheroleum
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Extracts
crude mixtures of chemical compounds
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Mixtures
2 or more plants
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Teas
infusions, brews from leaves or from powder.
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Tincture
alcoholic (ethanol) solution
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Medicinal oils
fatty oils or waxes mixed with medicinal extracts; external use
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Granules
made by binding powders or powdered extracts
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Capsules
small containers with medicinal products (gelatin container)
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Tablets
compressed powdered material, uncoated
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Pills
semisolid preparations in small proportions
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Lozenges
tablet-like – intended for chewing
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Suppositories
intended for inserting; rare for herbal products
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Ointments
semisolid preparations meant for external application
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A plant that is safely consumed as a tea may be totally unsuitable for human use as a tincture. Why?
The alcohol (ethanol) is used in tincture preparation.
Ethanol may dissolve toxic substances that would not be present in a tea.
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Injection
Pure chemical extracts are injected directly into the muscles or bloodstream.
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Bathing
Herbs or herbal extracts.
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Steaming
Volatile oils in boiling water.
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Smoking
Burning plant material.
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Rectal
Liquid preparations as enema.
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Topical
Lotions, oils, creams.
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Nasal
Powder, suspensions.
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Oral
Infusions, decoctions, syrups, tablets, pills, capsules.
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