Which of the follwing is the bacteria that causes UTIs?
B. Escherichia coli
(e. coli...... a BACILLI)
Which of the following bacteria is the cause of syphilis?
B. Treponema pallidum (a SPIRILLA)
Which of the following is bacilli caused?
a. Strep throat
b. UTI
c. Syphillis
d. Lyme disease
UTI (caused by e.coli)
Which of the following is caused by a cocci?
C. walking pneumonia
(caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
T/F Whooping cough is caused by a spirilla bacteria?
F Whooping cough is caused by bortella pertusis a COCCOBACILLUS
The morphology of a bacteria depends on the CELL WALL
Gram Positive Bacteria: cell walls
-very thick peptidoglycan layer (provides support and structure)
-alternating NAG/NAM which forms a long strand of carbs linked together by a ß-1,4 linkage (horizontal)
-short 3-5 amino acids connect NAM molecules in each layer (diagonal lines)
-Lipoteichoic acids (LTA) (only found in gram+ bacteria) extend through the entire peptidoglycan layer and appear on the cell surface
Gram Negative Bacteria : cell walls Smaller cell walls
less peptidoglycan
NAM/NAG
NO LTA instead LPS
Double membrane ( need porins to get non lipophillic into cell membrane)
A polysaccharide only found in gram positive bacteria that extends through the entire peptidoglycan layer and apper on the cell surface
Lipoteichoic acids (LTA)
No cell wall MYCOPLASMA
-resemble gram positive but no peptidoglycan
"Special" Mycolic Acid Cell Walls
_mycobacterium- Turburculosis
-NAM/NAG
-need a Porin to get things through lipid rich cell wall
Bacterial Cell Walls:
what are the FOUR types
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
"Special" mycolic acid cell wall
No Cell Wall Mycoplasma
Why is turburculosis so hard to treat?
Because its one of those "special" mycobacteriums and its hard to get through them
Gram Staining-
Apply a crystal violet and then iodine
Stain everything purplish
acetone/alcohol wash everything that didnt strongly bind gets washed
Gram staining works for identifying gram positive or gram negative
Gram Negative- redish/pink
Gram Positive- Purple
What type of staining test would need to be used to identify turburculosis?
ACID fast (stains red because of the mycolic acid rich wall)
Acid Fast staining: If blue it means it is non AF and therefore GRAM Staining would be reliable
What color does a mycoplasma stain?
RED like a gram Negative due to all the membrane and minimal cell wall(although it is more gram positive)
What would you classify it as if......
Gram stains purple
Acid fast stains blue
Gram POSITIVE
REMINDER: if your acid fast stains RED then it is a mycobacterium and DONT have to use a gram stain
If Acid fast stains RED/Pinkish is this stain reliable?
yes it means it has a mycolic acid cell wall (MYCOBACTERIUM... turburculosis)
Bacteria Cell Walls: Gram Positive:
Steptococcus pyogenes- pharyngitis (strep throat)
Clostridium tetani- Tetanus
Bacteria Cell Walls: No Cell Wall
Mycoplasma pneumoniae- walking pneumonia
Bacteria Cell Wall: Special Cell Wall
Mycobacterium turberculosis- turberculosis (ACID fast stays RED because of mycolic acid in cell wall)
Obligate Aerobe- absolutely need oxygen (no oxygen no growth)
Microaerophiles- need a small amount of oxygen
Aerotolerant- it doesnt matter if theres oxygen or not
Facultative Anaerobe- really prefer oxygen but can be fine without it
Obligate Anaerobe- absolutely HATE oxygen
Could a Beta-lactam antibiotic be given for walking pneumonia?
NO because it is a MYCOplasma that has NO CELL WALL
Treating Bacterial Infections:
Oxygen Requirements
Metronidazole
-reduced by the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
Treating Bacterial Infections:
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Gentamicin, Streptomycin
-Binds bacterial 16S (small) subunit and prevents ribosomal translocation
Treating Bacterial Infections:
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: LINCOSAMIDES
Binds bacterial 23S (large) subunt and prevents ribosomal translocation
PROTOZOA (remeber more like us than bacteria)
Eukaryotic (nucleated)
Lack Cell Wall
Linear DNA
Unicellular
May be motile (flagellated or cilliated)
PROTOZOA:
Malaria
Plasmodium spp.
NONmotile (only one)
carried by and transmitted by mosquito
Africa
PROTOZOA:
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
FLAGELLATED
can lead to Encephalitis
if your pregnant dont change the cat litter if they have been eating mice :)
PROTOZOA:
Amoebic encephalitis
Naegleria fowleri
FLAGELLATED
South Eastern US
Brain eating amoeba
In water swallow water goes up the nose
in 2009, 2 cases 1 lived and 1 died (FIRST time someone has lived)
in 2010, first time a case in MINNESOTA
PROTOZOA:
Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia
FLAGELLATED
Hikers Diarrhea
Seen in daycares... POOPY Pants!!!
PROTOZOA:
African Sleeping Sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
FLAGELLATED
lead to heart failure
PROTOZOA:
Trichomoniasis
Trichomonas vaginalis
FLAGELLATED
Part of the normal flora but if it gets spued for acid to basic
Vaginal parasite infection
Can be sexually transmitted
Life cycle of Malaria:
1. A female anopheles mosquito bites a human or animal that is already infected with the malaria disease in order to feed. By doing this they draw the blood and the malaria parasites that are in the blood.
2. The same now infected mosquito will bit another human or animal in order to feed again and the parasite that the mosquito has previously infected is deposited into the human or animal's bloodstream.
3. Within just 30 minutes the parasite travels to the victims liver and the malaria life cycle is well underway.
4. Once the parasite has reached the liver it begins to reproducing at an enormous rate. Some of the parasites will remain dormant in the liver only to become active years after the initial infection.
5. The new parasites enter the bloodstream and attack the red blood cells. They infiltrate the red blood cells and begin to reproduce inside them further causing the red blood cells to swell and finally burst releasing all of the new parasites into the blood stream. The process is repeated with the parasites attacking and infiltrating further red blood cells.
6. The red blood cells should be carrying oxygen all over the body but because they are being attacked and destroyed this does not happen and a result of this oxygen depletion is onset of fever and chills which are the initial symptoms of malaria to be experienced by the victim. The bodies immune system has been damaged and makes it susceptible to further illness.
7. After being release dormant malaria parasites travel through the bloodstream where they will be ingested by a new mosquito that bites the victim. This is the end of the malaria life cycle in one person and the beginning for the next victim.
Treating Protozol Infections:
Malaria
Target: HEPATIC stages
------>Primaquine phosphate
Target: BLOOD Stage
------> Cholorquine phosphate -prevents biocrystalliation of heme
------> Mefloquine (Lariam)- phospholipid uptake
------> Atovaquone + proguanil (Malarone)
Atovaquone- inhibits ATP and nucleic acid synthesis
Progunail- inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Treating Protozol Infections:
Giardiasis
NEW research Actin- actin similiar to ours
Metronidazole (Flagyl)- reduced by the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
Nitazoxanide (Alinia)- inhibits the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase system
Albendazole (Albenza)- Inhibits tubulin assembly into microtubules
FUNGI
really hard organism to kill... VERY similar to animals but we have cholesterol they have ERGOSTEROL and the Chitin cell wall
Eukaryotic (nucleated)
Chitin cell wall
Linear DNA
Unicellular (or multicellular)
May be motile
FUNGI:
Yeast: Candida spp. (predominately C. albicans)
-leads to Candidiasis - oral thrush/ vaginitis (classic yeast infections)
Molds: Dermatophytes- Tinea spp.
- Pedis-athletes foot
- Capitis- head
- cruris- jock itch
- corporis- ring worm (yes MOLD not a worm hmmmm GROSS)
Fluconazole-oral, Clotrimazole-oral or topical,Ketoconazole-topical
-Inhibits 14α-demethylase
Butenafine-topical, Terbinafine -topical or oral
Inihibits squalene epoxidase (earlier in the pathway than 14α-demethylase)
Prevents ergosterol synthesis
HELMINTHS
very similar to animal cells
Eukaryotic
Lack Cell wall
Linear DNA
Multicellular
May be motile flagellated or cilliated
Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Adults have flattened body Head Bilateral symmetry Organ systems-Nervous system, Digestive System (common mouth and anus), Reproductive system(hermaphroditic) Cestoda (segmented - tapeworms)
Larvae and cysts infect “animal” tissue
Adults infect human intestines (30 ft long!)
Nemathelminthes (roundworms)
Adults have cylindrically shaped bodies
Tapered on both ends
Bilateral symmetry
Organ systems
Digestive system withmouth and anus
Reproductive system(male and female)
Primitive nervous system
Types:
Whipworms (Trichuris trichiura)
Trichina worms (Trichinella spiralis)
Hookworms (Necator americanus),
Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis),
Filarids (Wuchereria bancrofti),
Ascarids (Ascaris lumbricoides)
Which nemathelminthes type is the most common seen worldwide?
Pinworms
Treating Helminth Infections:
Tapeworm Infections: Intestinal
Albendazol (albenza)- inhibits tubulin assembly into microtubules (which interferes with glucose uptake)
-inhibits helminth specific fumarate reductase
Praziquantel(Biltricide)-increases calcium permeability and decreases adenine uptake
Treating Helminth Infections:
Tapeworm Infections: Cystic
Albendazole (albenza)
Treating Helminth Infections:
Hookworm Infections
Mebendazole (Vermix)- blocks the uptake of glucose
Which of the following are mechanisms of action for albedazole
1.Increases calcium permeability
2.Stimulates glucose uptake
3.Intakes the aerobic furmarate reducatse pathway
4.Inhibits microtubule formation
5.Increases flagella motility
4.Inhibits microtubule formation
Structure of a Virus
Capsid
-polyhedral
-helical
-complex
Envelope
-lipids (phosphoglyco)-host derived
-proteins (glyco-)-host and virus derrived
The protein coat of a virus
Capsid
T/F All viruses have capsids?
TRUE some are polyhedral, helical, or complex
T/F All Viruses are have envelopes?
FALSE only some
Virus: Envelope
Made of lipid (glyco, phospho)- Host derived
Proteins (glyco)- Host and virus derived
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class 1: ds DNA virus (25)
Papilomavirus- HPV
Herpesvirus- Herpes
Poxvirus- Smallpox
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class II: ss DNA virus (+) (7)
Parovirus- 5th virus
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class III: ds RNA (8)
Reovirus-Rotavirus
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class IV: ss RNA (+) (38)
Picornavirus-common cold
Togavirus- Rubella
Coronavirus -SARS
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class V: ss RNA (-) (11)
Paromyxovirus- Measles
Orthomyxovirus- Influenza
Rhabodvirius- Rabies
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class VI: ssRNA (+) RT (3)
Retrovirus- HIV (use revertranscriptase)
Nucleic Acids of a virus are HIGHLY variable:
Class VII: dsDNA RT (2)
Hepadnavirus- Hepatitis
Life cycle of a virus -DNA virus (HPV, Herpes, small pox)
1. attachment
2. penetration and uncoating
3. viral protein synthesis
4. maturation and release
Life cycle of a virus -ssRNA (H1N1)
1. Attachment by a hemogluten
2. Penetration and Uncoating by a M2 ion channel
3. RNA Replication by ssRNA: - or antisense strand
Additional strands are transcribed from mRNA
4. Strands are incorportated into capsie
5. Maturation and Release (Neurometase (N1) important for budding)
NOTE: if you are CCR5 you are immune to HIV
Life cycle of a virus- RT virus
Bind to CD4 receptor on T cells then bind to CCR5 or CXCR4
Penetrates host cell
After uncoating, revere transcription of the viral RNA produces dsDNA
The new viral DNA is transported into the host cell's nucleus and integrated as a provirus.
Transcription of the provirus may also occur producing RNA for new retrovirus genomes and RNA that codes for the retrovirus capsid and envelope protein
Mature retrovirus leaves host cell, acquiring an envelope as it buds out
Treating a viral infection: Orthomyxoviruses- Influenza
Prions have the same primary structure but different 2, 3, and 4 structure.
αhelix vs βsheet
mutation not required
mutation may be involved
can impart abnormal conformation
