School Psych Praxis

informal and formal

Combine the best features of both structural and unstructured interviews and allow for flexibility and follow-up questions

• Behavior is only recorded when it occurs during the entire time interval 
• -good for continuous behaviors or behaviors occurring in short duration

Record the number of behaviors that occur during a specific period

the length of time the specific behaviors last

time between onset of stimulus or signal that initiates a specific behavior

Select a time period for observation, divide the period into a number of equal intervals, and record whether or not behavior occurs

• behavior is scored if it occurs during any part of the time interval
• -effective when behaviors occur at a relatively low rate or for inconsistent durations

behavior is scored as present or absent only during the moment that a timed interval begins

Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act (IDEA)

Schools must have strict confidential record keeping procedures 

to protect confidentiality and allow parents access to educational records

Section 504 prohibits discrimination against otherwise qualifying individuals on the basis of a handicapping condition in any program receiving federal funding

Establish Child find

the educational facilities are not allowed to segregate according to race

Schools must provide equal education opportunities despite family's socioeconomic status (SES)

Assessments must be administered in the native language of the student in order to validate minority testing practices

the percentage of minority students placed in special education classrooms could not exceed the percentage in the representative population

endorsed the use of standardized tests as long as the tests are not culturally biased and are used with several other measures

intellectually disabled children should have access to public education and that due process rights shall be honored and preserved

percentage of minorities placed in special education can exceed the percentage in the representative population as long as the appropriate and proper steps for placement were followed

Special education students must have a manifestation hearing to review placement if they are suspended for more than 10 days

the rights of a special needs student to be included in regular education classes and activities: Least restrictive Environment

Public schools do not have to provide the best education, but rather an adequate education

schools must provide accommodations for English as a second language students

schools must provide medical services that do not require a medical doctor to perform such medical services, even if the child needs full time attention from a nurse

Founding father of psychology

Father of school psychology

First school psychologist and first to develop tests that measured development in children

development in children was a parallel and orderly process

• Major contributor to the field of behaviorism
• - believed all behavior was shaped and maintained by consequences that followed behavior

cognition helped drive behavior

one of the first scientists to measure the construct of intelligence and its relation to the normal curve

helps to assimilate body sensations

primary processes in auditory information, memory is associated with this lobe

forming memories

language problems and reading difficulties

Neurotransmitter involved in producing positive emotions and mood

natural opiate similar to morphine that are released to moderate pain

• assocaited with relaxation, sleep, and mood
• - imbalance can cause depression

• significant excitatory neurotransmitter that is released by nerve cells in the brain
• responsible for sending signals between neurons
• plays an important role in learning and memory
• one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters in the brain

• 1. Sensorimotor 
• 2. Preoperational
• 3. Concrete Operational
• 4. Formal Operational

0-2 years old

• involves motor actions and senses
• Children come to realize that objects exist separately from them and they can manipulate objects

• 2-7 years
• symbolic functions emerges
• Children develop the ability to make something stand for something else

• 7-11 years
• Children begin to think about more than just one dimension of a problem or situation
• They gain the understanding of conservation also the ability to think deep and logically

• 11+ years
• Complex abstract thought emerges and hypothetical and deductive reasoning develops
• Children perform mental operations on ideas or imagined situations

• 1. Trust vs. Mistrust
• 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• 3. Initiative vs. Guilt
• 4. Industry vs. Inferiority
• 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion

• 0-18 months
• attachment to caregiver at this stage
• child must develop sufficient trust with the caregiver in order to explore the world

• 18 months to 3 years
• children start to develop a sense of confidence in their abilities to explore and do things for themselves 
• begin to understand that they control their behaviors

• 3-5 years
• children move from simple self-control, as in the previous stage, to taking initiative in play and in various tasks. 
• Imaginary play and choosing activities illustrate this stage

• 6-12 years old
• success or failure in school has lasting effects on self efficacy and sense of adequacy.
• Children learn a sense of industry if they are recognized in various activities

• 13-18 years
• people develop a sense of identity, sense of self, and strong ego during this time
• Peers, role models, and social pressures are factors associated with this stage

• children's ability to learn vicariously 
• Children learn by their social interactions

• 1. Humans learn not only through reward and punishment conditioning, but also by observing and imitating others "Bobo doll study"
• 2. Children imitate the behaviors of others and select specific behaviors to imitate based on how they processed the information they observed

• 1. Preconventional
• 2. Conventional
• 3. Postconventional

Behavior is based on the desire to avoid punishment and gain rewards

• Behavior is designed to acquire the approval of others to maintain social relations
• Children will conform to what parents say is right or wrong solely based on conforming to the rules

Judgements about right and wrong are logical and behavior is controlled by an internalized ethical code that is relatively independent of the approval or disapproval of others