Connective tissue sells are widely separeted by a noncellular material that varies in consistency from solid to semifluid to fluid called______
a matrix
____ membranse lilne the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as secrete a watery fluid keeping membranes lubricated; the peritoneum is an example of this
serous
____ is the protein responsible for the hardening of epidermal cells, as well as your fingerprints
keratin
a negative feedback system prevents change in the same direction
true
the formed elements of blood _______
include red blood cells and white blood cells
include platelets
make up 45% of blood
______ is a respiratory pigment that carries O2
hemoglobin
_____ is the hormone that speeds up maturing of the cells becoming red blood cells
erythropoietin
thrombin acts as an enzyme converting fibrinogen to _______
fibrin threads
Once blood vessels repair is accomplished, _____ destroys the fibrin network and restores plasma fluidity
plasmin
the function of an osteoclast is ______
to breakdown bone
to deposi calcium and phospate in the blood
When bone form between sheets of fibrous connective tissue it is called _______ ossification
intramembranous
A fracture that pierces through the skin is called ______
compound fracture
The only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone
hyoid
the joints that are immovable, such as the sutures in the skull
fibrous joints
Muscles contain bundles of muscle fibers called _____
fascicles
THe contractile units of myofibrils are called _____ which contain myofilaments
sarcomeres
Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds with the protein ______
A Ch
Muscles acquire new ATP for muscles contraction in 3 different ways
creatine phosphate breakdown
fermentation
cellular respiration
Sudden and involunatry muscular contractions most often accompained by pain are called ______
spasms
The superior and inferior vena cavas carry O2 poor blood into the ______
right atrium
Blood enters the aorta by passing through the _____ valve
aortic semilunar
_____divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) causes a decrease in nodal activity
parasympathetic
A clot that has formed and is stationary is called _____
a thrombus
When a small cranial arterilole bursts, or is blocked by an embolus, you have suffered ______
a stroke
____ are composed of specialized cells of the same that perform a common function in the body
tissues
_____ covers body surface and lines body cavities
epithelial tissue
_____binds and supports body parts
connective tissue
______ moves the body and its parts
muscular tissue
______ receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses
nervous tissue
the major types of tissues are ______
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscluar tissue
nervous tissue
protective function
secretion
absorption
excretion
filtation
functions of epithelial tissue in the body
squamous epithelium
composed of flattened cells
cubodial epithelium
composed of cube shaped sells
columnar epithelium
composed of columnar shaped cells
simple epithelium tissue
tissue had a simgle layer of cells
stratified epithlium tissue
tissue has more than one layer of cells
what type of epithelium is 2 layers of cube like cells?
stratified cubidal
What type of epithelium is one layer of flattened cells?
simple squamous
this junction hold epithelial cells close together
tight junction
this junction allows materials to pass from cell to cell
gap junction
this junction allows cells to stretch and bend
adhesion junction
binds organd together
provides support and protection
filld spaces
produce blood cells
stores fat
functions of connective tissues
cells are seperated by a ______ a noncellular material that varies from solid to semifluid to fluid
a matrix
types of connective tissues
adipose tissue
cartilage
bone
blood
cells enlarge and store fat
adipose tissue
skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control
true
smooth muscle is under involuntary control
cardiac muscle is found where?
only in the walls of the heart
cardiac muscle is under involuntary control
true
nervous tissue contains nerve cells called _______; is present in the brain and spinal cord; responds to stimuli
neurons
a _____ is a specialized cell that has 3 parts
neuron
receives signals
dendrite
contains the cytoplasma and the nucleus
cell body
conducts nerve impulses
axon
neurogila primary function is to support, protect, and nourish neutrons
true
human body is divided into two mian catergories
ventral cavity
dorsal cavity
ventral cavity is made up of two sections
thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
thoracic cavity
contains lungs and heart
abdominal cavity
contains most of the internal organs
dorsal cavity is made up of two parts
cranial cavity
vertebral canal
cranial cavity
contains the brain
vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
epidermis does not contain blood vessels
it is the top part of the skin
true
epidermis hardening takes place because _____ is produced
keratin
specialized cells called _______ produce ______
melanocytes
melanin
dermis contains blood vessels
it is the bottom of the skin
true
the dermis contains sensory receptors
true
____ are the protective covering of the fingers
nails
______ line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs they contain
serous membranes
_______ secrete a watery fluid keeping membranes lubricated
serous membranes
______ line the cavities of freely moveable joints
synovial membranes
skin plays a major role in homeostasis
true
____ covers the body protecting it from physical trauma pathogen invasionand water loss; also regulates temperature
skin
______ is the relative constancy of the body's internal environment
homeostasis
the internal state of the body is often described as ________
dynamic equilibrium
a homestatic mechanism in the body has 3 components
a sensor
a regulatory center
an effector
detects change inthe internal environment
a sensor
activates the effector
a regulatory center
reverses the change and brings conditions back to normal
an effector
an example of positive feedback is ______
labor
negative feedback prevents change in the _____ direction
same
positive feedback brings about an even greater change in the same direction
true
blood is made up of formed layers which consists of _______
red blood cells
white blood cells
blood platelets
makes up 45% of blood
is the bottom layer
what are the three main functions of blood?
transport
defense
regulation
______ is the liquid portion of the blood
about 92% of ______ is water
plasma
plasma
______ is necessary for blood clotting
fibrinogen
red blood cells are also known as _______
erythroctes
red blood cells transport O2 because they contain _______
hemoglobin (respiratory pigment)
Red blood cells are produced in the _____
red bone marrow
red bone marrow stem cells are capable of becoming cardiac, nerve and blood cells
true
______ is the hormone that speeds up maturing of the cells becoming red blood cells
erythropoietin
______ are an insufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood
anemia
white blood cells are also known as ______
leukocytes
_______ have a nucleus
lack hemoglobin
white blood cells
_____ function is to fight infection
their number greatly increases during this time
white blood cells
______ result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
platelets
______ destroys the fibrin network and restores plasma fluidity
plasmin
damaged tissus cells release tissue ______
thromboplastin
fibrinogen------with help of thrombin-------fibrin threads
true
serveral different cells types partake in bone growth and repair _____
osteoblast
osteocytes
osteoclasts
bone-forming cells; responsible for secreting the matrix
osteoblasts
mature bone cells
osteocytes
perform bone resorption
breakdown bone and deposit clacium and phosphate in blood
osteoclasts
formation of bone
ossification
bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue
ex skull bone
intrmembranous ossification
hyaline cartilage models that appear during fetal development are replaced by bone
most bones form this way
endochondral ossification
in adults bone is continually broken down and rebuilt
true
fracture repair takes place over several months in 4 steps
hematoma
fibrocartilaginous callus
bony callus
remodeling
ruptures blood vessels form a ________ between the broken bones (blood clot mass)
1. hematoma
tissue repair begins and _________ fills space between ends of broken bones
2. fibrocartilage
osteoblasts convert the fibrocartilage callus to a ______ bony callus, this joins broken bones together
3. bony callus
osteoblasts build compact bone
4. remodeling
bone broken clear through
complete fracture
bone is not seperated into 2 parts
incomplete fracture
does not pierce the skin
simple fracture
pierces through the skin
compound fracture
broken ends are wedged into each other
impacted fracture
break is ragged due to twisting of bone
sprial fracture
there are 206 bones int he human body
true
axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage
true
the _____ bone is the only bone is the body that does not articullate with another bone
hyoid
the vertebral column
cervical vertebrae- neck region
atlas-yes
axis-no
thoracic vertebrae-ribs attach
lumbar vertebrae-small of back
sacral vertebrae-pelvis fused
coccyx-fused
____ is the longest and strongest bone in the body
femur
are immovable joints
fibrous joints
the cells of muscle tissues are called________
muscles fibers (muscle cell)
skeletal muscles have several functions
support the body
make bones move
help maintain a constant body temperature
assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels
protect internal organs and stabilize joints
muscles contain bundles of muscle fibers called _____
fascicles
Each fascicle and muscle fiber is covered by connective tissue
for any particular movement, one muscle does most of the mork and is called the ______
prime mover
plasma membrane
sarcolemma
cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
ER
sarcoplasmic reticulum
the sarcolemma forms _____ that penetrate into the cell so that they come in contact with expanded portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (that contain Ca ions, essential to contraction)
T tubules
the contractile portions of muscle fibers
myofibrils
the contractile units of myofibrils are called ______ which contain ______
sarcomeres
myofilaments
when filaments slide muscle contracts
true
myosin breaks down ATP; has ______ that pull actin across myosin
cross bridges
a neurotransmitter; signals muscle contraction
A Ch
A Ch binds to receptors in the sarcolemma
true
threads wind around an actin filament
tropomyosin
occurs at intervals along the threads
troponin
contraction continues until nerve impulses cease and Ca ions are returned to their storage sacs
true
Muscle acquire new ATP in 3 different ways
creatine phosphate breakdown
fermentation
cellular respiration
Creatine phospate is used to turn ADP into ATP
true
sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most often accompanied by pain
spasms
inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis
ibuprofen and naproxen
cortisone injections
treatments for arthritis, tendinitis, and bursitis
______ carry blood AWAY from the heart to the capillaries
arteries
_____ permit exchange of materials with the tissues
capiliaries
_____ are impoertant because exchange takes place across their thin walls
capillaries
O2 and nutrients diffuse out of a capillary into the tissue fluid that surrounds cells
true
wastes diffuse into the capillary
true
relative constancy of tissue fluid is absolutely dependet on capillary exchange
true
_____ RETURNS blood from the capillaries to the heart
veins
veins often have ______
valves
_____ prevent backflow of blood when closed
valves
the heart 4 chambers
right and left atrium
right and left ventricle
when looking at the heart, everything is a mirror image
true
lefts and rights are switched
between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar
between the left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar
passage of blood through the heart
O2 poor blood from the body
enters the superior and inferior vena cavas
then enters the right atrium
through the tricuspid valve
into the right ventricle
then through the pulmonary trunk
into the pulmonary arteries
goes to the lungs
O2 rich blood from the lungs
enters the pulmonary veins
then enters the left atrium
through the bicuspid valve
into the left ventricle
through the aoric semilunar valve
into the aorta
goes to the body
O2 poor blood never mixes with O2 rich blood
true
right = poor blood
left = rich blood
true
the left side of the heart is larger than the right side of the heart
true
the heart is a double pump
true
the heart beats last about 0.85 seconds
true
unique type of cardiac muscle in the heart
nodal tissue
upper wall of the right atrium
SA node
______ initiates the heartbeat; automatically sends out an excitation impluse every 0.85 seconds
pacemaker of the heart
SA node
when impulses reach the ______ there is a slight delay that allows the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles begin to contract