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mel
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_____ tissue bind and supports your body parts
connective
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Connective tissue sells are widely separeted by a noncellular material that varies in consistency from solid to semifluid to fluid called______
a matrix
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____ membranse lilne the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as secrete a watery fluid keeping membranes lubricated; the peritoneum is an example of this
serous
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____ is the protein responsible for the hardening of epidermal cells, as well as your fingerprints
keratin
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a negative feedback system prevents change in the same direction
true
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the formed elements of blood _______
- include red blood cells and white blood cells
- include platelets
- make up 45% of blood
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______ is a respiratory pigment that carries O2
hemoglobin
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_____ is the hormone that speeds up maturing of the cells becoming red blood cells
erythropoietin
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thrombin acts as an enzyme converting fibrinogen to _______
fibrin threads
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Once blood vessels repair is accomplished, _____ destroys the fibrin network and restores plasma fluidity
plasmin
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the function of an osteoclast is ______
- to breakdown bone
- to deposi calcium and phospate in the blood
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When bone form between sheets of fibrous connective tissue it is called _______ ossification
intramembranous
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A fracture that pierces through the skin is called ______
compound fracture
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The only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bone
hyoid
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the joints that are immovable, such as the sutures in the skull
fibrous joints
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Muscles contain bundles of muscle fibers called _____
fascicles
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THe contractile units of myofibrils are called _____ which contain myofilaments
sarcomeres
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Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds with the protein ______
A Ch
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Muscles acquire new ATP for muscles contraction in 3 different ways
- creatine phosphate breakdown
- fermentation
- cellular respiration
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Sudden and involunatry muscular contractions most often accompained by pain are called ______
spasms
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The superior and inferior vena cavas carry O2 poor blood into the ______
right atrium
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Blood enters the aorta by passing through the _____ valve
aortic semilunar
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_____divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) causes a decrease in nodal activity
parasympathetic
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A clot that has formed and is stationary is called _____
a thrombus
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When a small cranial arterilole bursts, or is blocked by an embolus, you have suffered ______
a stroke
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____ are composed of specialized cells of the same that perform a common function in the body
tissues
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_____ covers body surface and lines body cavities
epithelial tissue
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_____binds and supports body parts
connective tissue
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______ moves the body and its parts
muscular tissue
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______ receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses
nervous tissue
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the major types of tissues are ______
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscluar tissue
- nervous tissue
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protective function
secretion
absorption
excretion
filtation
functions of epithelial tissue in the body
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squamous epithelium
composed of flattened cells
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cubodial epithelium
composed of cube shaped sells
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columnar epithelium
composed of columnar shaped cells
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simple epithelium tissue
tissue had a simgle layer of cells
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stratified epithlium tissue
tissue has more than one layer of cells
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what type of epithelium is 2 layers of cube like cells?
stratified cubidal
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What type of epithelium is one layer of flattened cells?
simple squamous
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this junction hold epithelial cells close together
tight junction
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this junction allows materials to pass from cell to cell
gap junction
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this junction allows cells to stretch and bend
adhesion junction
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binds organd together
provides support and protection
filld spaces
produce blood cells
stores fat
functions of connective tissues
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cells are seperated by a ______ a noncellular material that varies from solid to semifluid to fluid
a matrix
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types of connective tissues
- adipose tissue
- cartilage
- bone
- blood
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cells enlarge and store fat
adipose tissue
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skeletal muscle that is under voluntary control
true
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smooth muscle is under involuntary control
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cardiac muscle is found where?
only in the walls of the heart
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cardiac muscle is under involuntary control
true
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nervous tissue contains nerve cells called _______; is present in the brain and spinal cord; responds to stimuli
neurons
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a _____ is a specialized cell that has 3 parts
neuron
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receives signals
dendrite
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contains the cytoplasma and the nucleus
cell body
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conducts nerve impulses
axon
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neurogila primary function is to support, protect, and nourish neutrons
true
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human body is divided into two mian catergories
- ventral cavity
- dorsal cavity
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ventral cavity is made up of two sections
- thoracic cavity
- abdominal cavity
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thoracic cavity
contains lungs and heart
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abdominal cavity
contains most of the internal organs
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dorsal cavity is made up of two parts
- cranial cavity
- vertebral canal
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cranial cavity
contains the brain
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vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord
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epidermis does not contain blood vessels
it is the top part of the skin
true
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epidermis hardening takes place because _____ is produced
keratin
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specialized cells called _______ produce ______
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dermis contains blood vessels
it is the bottom of the skin
true
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the dermis contains sensory receptors
true
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____ are the protective covering of the fingers
nails
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______ line the thoracic and abdominal cavities and the organs they contain
serous membranes
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_______ secrete a watery fluid keeping membranes lubricated
serous membranes
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______ line the cavities of freely moveable joints
synovial membranes
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skin plays a major role in homeostasis
true
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____ covers the body protecting it from physical trauma pathogen invasionand water loss; also regulates temperature
skin
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______ is the relative constancy of the body's internal environment
homeostasis
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the internal state of the body is often described as ________
dynamic equilibrium
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a homestatic mechanism in the body has 3 components
- a sensor
- a regulatory center
- an effector
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detects change inthe internal environment
a sensor
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activates the effector
a regulatory center
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reverses the change and brings conditions back to normal
an effector
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an example of positive feedback is ______
labor
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negative feedback prevents change in the _____ direction
same
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positive feedback brings about an even greater change in the same direction
true
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blood is made up of formed layers which consists of _______
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- blood platelets
- makes up 45% of blood
- is the bottom layer
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what are the three main functions of blood?
- transport
- defense
- regulation
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______ is the liquid portion of the blood
about 92% of ______ is water
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______ is necessary for blood clotting
fibrinogen
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red blood cells are also known as _______
erythroctes
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red blood cells transport O2 because they contain _______
hemoglobin (respiratory pigment)
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Red blood cells are produced in the _____
red bone marrow
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red bone marrow stem cells are capable of becoming cardiac, nerve and blood cells
true
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______ is the hormone that speeds up maturing of the cells becoming red blood cells
erythropoietin
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______ are an insufficient number of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood
anemia
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white blood cells are also known as ______
leukocytes
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_______ have a nucleus
lack hemoglobin
white blood cells
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_____ function is to fight infection
their number greatly increases during this time
white blood cells
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______ result from fragmentation of megakaryocytes
platelets
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______ destroys the fibrin network and restores plasma fluidity
plasmin
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damaged tissus cells release tissue ______
thromboplastin
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fibrinogen------with help of thrombin-------fibrin threads
true
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serveral different cells types partake in bone growth and repair _____
- osteoblast
- osteocytes
- osteoclasts
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bone-forming cells; responsible for secreting the matrix
osteoblasts
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mature bone cells
osteocytes
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perform bone resorption
breakdown bone and deposit clacium and phosphate in blood
osteoclasts
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formation of bone
ossification
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bones develop between sheets of fibrous connective tissue
ex skull bone
intrmembranous ossification
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hyaline cartilage models that appear during fetal development are replaced by bone
most bones form this way
endochondral ossification
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in adults bone is continually broken down and rebuilt
true
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fracture repair takes place over several months in 4 steps
- hematoma
- fibrocartilaginous callus
- bony callus
- remodeling
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ruptures blood vessels form a ________ between the broken bones (blood clot mass)
1. hematoma
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tissue repair begins and _________ fills space between ends of broken bones
2. fibrocartilage
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osteoblasts convert the fibrocartilage callus to a ______ bony callus, this joins broken bones together
3. bony callus
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osteoblasts build compact bone
4. remodeling
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bone broken clear through
complete fracture
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bone is not seperated into 2 parts
incomplete fracture
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does not pierce the skin
simple fracture
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pierces through the skin
compound fracture
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broken ends are wedged into each other
impacted fracture
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break is ragged due to twisting of bone
sprial fracture
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there are 206 bones int he human body
true
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axial skeleton consists of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage
true
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the _____ bone is the only bone is the body that does not articullate with another bone
hyoid
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the vertebral column
- cervical vertebrae- neck region
- atlas-yes
- axis-no
- thoracic vertebrae-ribs attach
- lumbar vertebrae-small of back
- sacral vertebrae-pelvis fused
- coccyx-fused
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____ is the longest and strongest bone in the body
femur
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are immovable joints
fibrous joints
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the cells of muscle tissues are called________
muscles fibers (muscle cell)
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skeletal muscles have several functions
- support the body
- make bones move
- help maintain a constant body temperature
- assists movement in cardiovascular and lymphatic vessels
- protect internal organs and stabilize joints
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muscles contain bundles of muscle fibers called _____
fascicles
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Each fascicle and muscle fiber is covered by connective tissue
true
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muscle fibers-----fascicles----fascia----tendon-----radius
true
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for any particular movement, one muscle does most of the mork and is called the ______
prime mover
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plasma membrane
sarcolemma
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ER
sarcoplasmic reticulum
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the sarcolemma forms _____ that penetrate into the cell so that they come in contact with expanded portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (that contain Ca ions, essential to contraction)
T tubules
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the contractile portions of muscle fibers
myofibrils
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the contractile units of myofibrils are called ______ which contain ______
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when filaments slide muscle contracts
true
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myosin breaks down ATP; has ______ that pull actin across myosin
cross bridges
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a neurotransmitter; signals muscle contraction
A Ch
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A Ch binds to receptors in the sarcolemma
true
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threads wind around an actin filament
tropomyosin
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occurs at intervals along the threads
troponin
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contraction continues until nerve impulses cease and Ca ions are returned to their storage sacs
true
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Muscle acquire new ATP in 3 different ways
- creatine phosphate breakdown
- fermentation
- cellular respiration
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Creatine phospate is used to turn ADP into ATP
true
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sudden and involuntary muscular contractions most often accompanied by pain
spasms
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inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis
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ibuprofen and naproxen
cortisone injections
treatments for arthritis, tendinitis, and bursitis
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______ carry blood AWAY from the heart to the capillaries
arteries
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_____ permit exchange of materials with the tissues
capiliaries
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_____ are impoertant because exchange takes place across their thin walls
capillaries
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O2 and nutrients diffuse out of a capillary into the tissue fluid that surrounds cells
true
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wastes diffuse into the capillary
true
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relative constancy of tissue fluid is absolutely dependet on capillary exchange
true
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_____ RETURNS blood from the capillaries to the heart
veins
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veins often have ______
valves
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_____ prevent backflow of blood when closed
valves
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the heart 4 chambers
- right and left atrium
- right and left ventricle
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when looking at the heart, everything is a mirror image
- true
- lefts and rights are switched
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between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar
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between the left ventricle and aorta
aortic semilunar
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passage of blood through the heart
- O2 poor blood from the body
- enters the superior and inferior vena cavas
- then enters the right atrium
- through the tricuspid valve
- into the right ventricle
- then through the pulmonary trunk
- into the pulmonary arteries
- goes to the lungs
- O2 rich blood from the lungs
- enters the pulmonary veins
- then enters the left atrium
- through the bicuspid valve
- into the left ventricle
- through the aoric semilunar valve
- into the aorta
- goes to the body
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O2 poor blood never mixes with O2 rich blood
true
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right = poor blood
left = rich blood
true
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the left side of the heart is larger than the right side of the heart
true
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the heart is a double pump
true
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the heart beats last about 0.85 seconds
true
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unique type of cardiac muscle in the heart
nodal tissue
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upper wall of the right atrium
SA node
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______ initiates the heartbeat; automatically sends out an excitation impluse every 0.85 seconds
pacemaker of the heart
SA node
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when impulses reach the ______ there is a slight delay that allows the atria to finish contracting before the ventricles begin to contract
AV node
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ANS has two subdivisions
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
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resting state functions
decreases nodal activity
parasympathetic
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increased activity/ stress
increases nodal activity
sympathetic
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______ hormones stimulate the heart
adriniline (epinephrine)
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circulates O2 poor blood through the lungs
pulmonary circuit
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Not all arteries carry O2 rich blood
true
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circulates O2 rich blood through the body
systemic circuit
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the _______ serve the heart muscle itself
coronary arteries
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stationary clot is called _____
thrombus
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clot that dislodges and moves is called ______
embolus
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clot carried in blood but now stationary
must be treated to prevent complications
thromboembolism
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_______ all three are associated with hypertension adn atherosclerosis
- Stroke
- Heart Attack
- Aneurysm
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______ results when a small cranial arteriole burst or is blocked by an embolus
stroke
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______ results when a portion of the heart muscle dies due to lack of O2
Heart Attack
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______ results from balooning of a blood vessel
Aneurysm
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this drug converts plasminogen into plasmin
______ is the body's own way of dissolving clots as well
t- PA
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______ is being used to allow patients to grow their own blood vessels instead of surgery to fix the problem
Gene therapy
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