Kinematics concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement. Kinetics, on the other hand, deals with types of motion or movement without regard for the forces that produce that motion.
C) Both statements are false.
Kinetics concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement. Kinematics, on the other hand, deals with types of motion or movement without regard for the forces that produce that motion.
Osteokinematics concerns the movements of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint. Meanwhile, arthrokinematics focuses specifically on the large movements occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces.
B) Only the first statement is true.
Arthrokinematics focuses specifically on the minute movements occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces.
Which of the following is not true about the axes of motion?
B) None of these
Reference position/s of the body in a static or nonmoving position
B) Anatomical position
From this point of reference, motion and planes of motion are defined.
The anatomical position is universally described as a standing position with the feet, knees, body, and head facing forward. In addition, the shoulders are rotated so the palms of the hands also face forward with the fingers extended.
D) Both statements are true.
Which of the following is not true about the frontal plane?
D) It rotates around medial-lateral axis.
The frontal plane, also known as the coronal or XY plane, rotates around anterior-posterior axis.
All of the following motions occur within the frontal plane, except:
D) Thumb abduction
Abduction and adduction of the hip, shoulder, and digits occur within the frontal plane. Meanwhile, abduction and adduction of the thumb occur within the sagittal plane.
Which of the following is not true about the sagittal plane?
C) It divides the body into front and back parts.
Sagittal plane, also known as the YZ plane, divides the body into right and left sides.
Which of the following is not true about the horizontal plane?
C) None of these
Horizontal plane is also known as transverse or XZ plane.
All of the following are motions that occurs within the transverse plane, except:
B) None of these
True or False: Joints are named by using the names of the two bones that form the joint, typically by naming the proximal bone first.
True
For example, the articulation at the wrist is between the distal radius and proximal row of carpal bones; hence, the wrist joint is the radiocarpal joint.
Flexion of the humeroulnar joint may be accomplished by:
A) Both of these
Flexion movement of the ankle joint is called dorsiflexion. At this same joint, extension movement is called plantarflexion.
D) Both statements are true.
Flexion movement of the ankle joint, for example, occurs as the dorsum of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the tibia, but this motion is called dorsiflexion rather than flexion. At this same joint, extension movement in which the foot’s dorsum moves away from the tibia is called plantarflexion.
Abduction is a position or motion of a segment away from the midline, and adduction is a position or motion toward the midline. What is the midline for the fingers?
A) Middle finger
Abduction is a position or motion of a segment away from the midline, and adduction is a position or motion toward the midline. What is the midline for the toes?
C) Second toe
The thumb is rotated ___ from the plane of the hand.
D) 90°
In the thumb, motions of flexion and extension occur in the _______ plane, and abduction and adduction occur in the _______ plane.
D) Frontal; sagittal
If the elbow is flexed as the forearm pronates, the motion occurs in which axis?
D) Z-axis
If the hip is flexed and medially rotated, the motion occurs in which axis?
C) Z-axis
Which of the following is not true about translatory motion?
D) None of these
Translatory motion is also known as rectilinear motion.
Movement of carpal bones next to each other
C) Rectilinear
This movement occurs in a straight line.
Which of the following is true about angular motion?
B) Both of these
Angular motion is also known as rotatory motion.
With the humerus stabilized in elbow flexion and extension, the forearm rotates around the axis of the elbow joint. Individual points on the arm segment move at different velocities; the farther the distance from the axis of motion, the greater the velocity of that point.
C) Only the first statement is true.
Individual points on the forearm segment move at different velocities; the farther the distance from the axis of motion, the greater the velocity of that point.
Degrees of freedom is the number of axes within which a joint moves. Given that the body and its segments move in three axes of motion, the degrees of freedom are maximal at three degrees as well.
C) Both statements are false.
Degrees of freedom is the number of planes within which a joint moves. Given that the body and its segments move in three planes of motion, the degrees of freedom are maximal at three degrees as well.
Uniaxial joints
D) Hinge and pivot
Biaxial joints
A) All of these
Spherical convex surface partnered with a shallow concave surface
D) Condyloid
An example is the metacarpophalangeal joint.
Somewhat flattened convex surface paired with a fairly deep concave surface
A) Ellipsoidal
An example is the radiocarpal joint.
Both _______ joints permit flexion-extension within the sagittal plane around the medial-lateral axis and abduction-adduction within the frontal plane around the anterior-posterior axis.
B) Condyloid and ellipsoidal
Biaxial joint/s in which each bony partner has a concave and convex surface oriented perpendicular to each other
B) Saddle
Saddle joint is also known as sellar joint. An example is the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.
Circumduction occurs in ________ joints and is actually a combination of __________ plane motions.
D) Triaxial; straight
Goniometry is a way to measure the __________ motion/s available at the joint.
C) Osteokinematic
Between tarsals
A) Nonaxial
Stability with specific and limited mobility
A) Amphiarthrosis
What is/are the functions of a synarthrosis?
B) All of these
All of the following are examples of amphiarthrosis, except:
B) Sternoclavicular joint
It should be 1st sternocostal joint. Sternoclavicular joint is classified as a saddle joint.
True or False: Open chain movements produce faster motion than closed chain movements.
True
True or False: In closed chain motions, segment motion is not dependent on another segment, so one segment can either move or not move, regardless of what other segments in the chain are doing.
False
In open chain motions, segment motion is not dependent on another segment, so one segment can either move or not move, regardless of what other segments in the chain are doing.
True or False: Normal end feels are pathologic if they occur when they should not.
True
For example, a bony end feel that occurs in knee flexion because of a bone fragment within the joint is not normal, nor is a soft end feel in elbow extension because of excessive edema.
A syndesmosis joint is a synarthrodial joint such as the joints between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula. Syndesmosis joints are joined by a strong interosseous membrane, in which close relationship of these pairs of bones next to each other is highly desirable with little or no mobility allowed.
A) Both statements are true.
Hallmarked by a cartilaginous structure with combinations of both fibrous and hyaline (or articular) cartilage and a disc in between the bony partners
B) Amphiarthrosis
The key structural component of diarthrodial joints is that they all have ____________.
D) Joint capsule
The joint capsule connects the distal end of one joint segment to the proximal end of the other joint segment.
Which of the following is incorrect about the joint capsule?
C) The stratum synovium produces and secretes a yellowish, viscous synovial fluid into the joint space.
The stratum synovium produces and secretes a pale, viscous synovial fluid into the joint space.
Reciprocal reception
D) Saddle
Saddle or sellar joints resemble the matching of a rider in a saddle. Each joint surface has both convex and concave curvatures that are perpendicular to each other and are matched with oppositely designed joint surfaces in its partner segment.
All of the following are classified as sellar joint, except:
C) None of these
Talocrural joint is classified as modified sellar joint as it only has one degree of freedom.
This type of cartilage covers the ends of the articulating ends of the bones forming the joints
B) Hyaline
Hyaline cartilage is also known as articular cartilage.
True or False: Ligaments stop end-range motion by becoming taut when motion occurs in directions opposite to their position.
True
For example, the palmar radiocarpal ligament is located on the anterior surface of the wrist joint; therefore, it will prevent excessive wrist extension. Another example is the knee's medial collateral ligament; since it is on the medial aspect of the knee, it will prevent the tibia from moving laterally from its alignment with the femur.
True or False: Some ligaments are actually blended within the joint capsule to strengthen the capsule and provide it with additional reinforcement and stability.
True
These ligaments are called intracapsular ligaments. Ligaments not meshed with the capsule are called extracapsular ligaments.
Rotatory or angular motion in which each subsequent point on one surface contracts a new point on the other surface
B) Rolling
Translatory or linear motion in which the movement of one joint surface is parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface
A) Both
One point of reference contacts new points across the adjacent surface
D) Gliding
Rotatory or angular motion in which one point of contact on each surface remains in constant contact with a fixed location on the other surface
B) Spinning
In the last few degrees of knee extension in a closed kinetic chain, the femur _______ to achieve full knee extension.
C) Spins
Specifically, the femur medially rotates on the tibia to achieve full knee extension.
The combination of roll, slide, and spin allows a large range of motion within a joint while using a small articular surface. If a joint possessed only one of these osteokinematic motions, its range of motion would be limited or its joint surface would need to be larger to accomplish the same range of motion.
B) Only the first statement is true.
If a joint possessed only one of these arthrokinematic motions, its range of motion would be limited or its joint surface would need to be larger to accomplish the same range of motion.
Compression may facilitate joint proprioceptors and improve joint stability. Meanwhile, distraction may assist in synovial fluid circulation within a joint and increase joint mobility.
D) Both statements are true.
Which of the following is not true about the convex-concave principle?
B) None of these
The center of axis of a human joint moves as the joint position changes, usually following a curvilinear path. This change in position of the center of axis of rotation is called the instantaneous axis of rotation. The largest movement of this axis occurs in the following joints, except:
A) Hip
True or False: The joint's instantaneous axes or rotations are frequently perpendicular to the long axes of the bones.
False
The joint’s instantaneous axes or rotations are seldom exactly perpendicular to the long axes of the bones but are frequently oblique. This is particularly noticeable, for example, as when the little finger is flexed into the palm. The tip of the finger points to the base of the thumb rather than to the base of the fifth metacarpal.
Which of the following does not occur in close-packed position?
C) The joint is mechanically distracted and difficult to compress.
The joint is mechanically compressed and difficult to distract.
Which of the following is incorrect about open-packed position?
B) It allows spin, roll, and slide typically with an increase in accessory movements and joint friction.
Open -packed or loose-packed position allows spin, roll, and slide typically with an increase in accessory movements and decreased joint friction.
Position at which there is the least congruency and at which the capsule and ligaments are loosest or most slack
D) Resting position
Often used as the preferred joint position when joint mobilizations are applied to a joint to gain mobility, especially during earlier treatment sessions
D) Resting position
The resting position is unique for each joint type but usually occurs when the joint is positioned near its ___________.
B) Midrange
Joint has greatest mechanical stability with reduced need for muscle forces to maintain the position.
C) Close-packed position
For example, when the MCP joints are in 90° of flexion, abduction cannot occur. This is an advantage in gripping when muscle forces can be directed to finger flexion rather than being needed to also keep the fingers from spreading. The hips and knees are in their close-packed positions in extension. This close-packed position of these joints permits erect standing with little or no contraction of the muscles of the hips or knees.
X-axis is also known as:
B) All of these
Y-axis is also known as:
B) All of these
Z-axis is also known as:
B) Neither
X-axis is also known as frontal or coronal axis. Meanwhile, z-axis is also known as sagittal or anterior-posterior axis.
True or False: A plane of motion is parallel to the axis of motion around which it rotates.
False
A plane of motion is perpendicular to the axis of motion around which it rotates.
As with rotatory motion, translatory motion can occur along any of the three axes of motion. Rotatory motion, however, is described according to both the axis of motion in which it occurs and whether the motion is going toward a positive or negative direction.
B) Only the first statement is true.
Translatory motion, however, is described according to both the axis of motion in which it occurs and whether the motion is going toward a positive or negative direction.
Which of the following is not true when determining the direction of a linear motion?
D) Forward motion along the sagittal axis is negative.
Forward motion along the sagittal axis is positive.
Velocity is the rate at which a body or segment moves. In translatory motion, it is measure in _______, but in rotatory motion the measurement is ________.
D) Both
From a functional standpoint, all for the following are primary sources of force that affect body movement, except:
D) Internally applied resistances
It should be externally applied resistances.
The most prevalent force that all structures encounter.
B) Gravity
Muscles produce forces on their bone segments by:
B) Both
Friction is the resistance to movement between two objects that are not in contact with each other. It can be advantageous or disadvantageous by providing stability if optimum, retarding motion if excessive, and leading to instability if inadequate.
A) Only the second statement is true.
Friction is the resistance to movement between two objects that are in contact with each other.
True or False: The pull of gravity is more when it is farther from the center of the earth.
False
If you weigh yourself at sea level at the equator, your weight will be greater than if you weigh yourself on the top of Mount Everest because, although your mass has not changed, the pull of gravity isless when it is farther from the center of the earth so your weight is less.
Result of force acting at a distance from the point of motion or the axis
A) Both
In translational forces, the lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the force vector to the center of motion. In rotatory forces, the lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the force vector to the joint's axis of motion.
D) Both statements are true.
Which of the following is not true about Newton's first law of motion?
D) None of these
Use of seatbelts or restraining straps
B) First law of motion
Seat belts or restraining straps are recommended, and frequently required, to prevent injuries caused by abrupt stops of wheelchairs and stretchers, as well as of automobiles. Whiplash neck injuries from rear-end collisions of automobiles occur because the automobile seat and the person’s body are impelled forward as a unit while the unsupported head remains at rest. The violent stretching of the neck structures then produces a force to rapidly “whip” the head and neck first into flexion, then extension, with resulting injury to both posterior and anterior structures of the head and neck.
True or False: Newton's second law of motion states that the acceleration of a body is proportionate to the magnitude of the net forces acting on it and inversely proportionate to the mass of the body.
True
Lever systems in the body include the body segment as the _______ and the joint as the _______.
D) Lever; axis
The forces acting on the body segment include the external forces as the resistance force and the muscles, or internal forces, as the moving force.
Which of the following is not true about first-class levers?
C) If two forces are equal on either side of first-class lever, the force with the shorter arm has the advantage.
If two forces are equal on either side of first-class lever, the force with the longer arm (distance from the force to the axis) has the advantage.
Which of the following is not true about second-class levers?
B) The point of force application lies between the resistance and the axis so the lever arm of the force is always shorter than the lever arm of the resistance.
The point of resistance application lies between the force and the axis so the lever arm of the resistance is always shorter than the lever arm of the force.
Which of the following is not true about third-class levers?
D) This arrangement is designed to produce speed of the proximal segment and move a small weight a long distance.
This arrangement is designed to produce speed of the distal segment and move a small weight a long distance.
In the human body, a small amount of shortening of a muscle causes a large arc of motion at the joint to position the end of the segment in a large range of positions. This is possible because of:
B) Third-class levers
Type/s of lever which occur/s in most open-chain motions of the extremities
B) Third-class levers
All of the following are classified as third-class levers, except:
A) The biceps and brachioradialis flexing the elbow to bring a cup to the mouth.
The biceps and brachialis flexing the elbow to bring a cup to the mouth. All of the examples provided above are open-chain motions.
Force is central
C) Class III
Mechanical advantage of a lever refers to the ratio between the:
A) Neither
Mechanical advantage of a lever refers to the ratio between the force (effort) arm length and resistance (weight) arm length.
Which of the following is incorrect about mechanical advantage?
D) None of these
Mechanical advantage of a lever is the ratio between the force arm length and the resistance arm length. The higher the quotient of the ratio, the greater the mechanical advantage is.
An __________ in force arm length or a __________ in resistance arm length results in a greater mechanical advantage.
B) Increase; decrease
True or False: A longer arm length will make a task easier, regardless of the amount of force that is working.
True
For example, if Force A has a shorter arm length than Resistance B, Force A is going to have to always work harder against Resistance B, regardless of the amount of force produced by Resistance B.
Most muscles in the body work as:
D) Third-class levers
Muscles usually need to produce more force to move the segment than the weight of the extremity it is lifting.
True or False: When the line of pull of a force is 90°, or perpendicular to its moment arm, it produces its greatest resistance.
True
True or False: Clinically, increasing torque is important in lifting and carrying to prevent strain or injury to the person lifting.
False
Clinically, reducing torque is important in lifting and carrying to prevent strain or injury to the person lifting.
This lever system is energy efficient, so smaller muscles are able to support larger resistances.
D) Class I
If two forces are pulling from the same point, the resultant force can be found graphically by constructing a parallelogram. The result force is the diagonal of the parallelogram.
C) Both statements are true.
This is a concurrent force system.
True or False: As the angle between the two forces increases, the resultant force increases.
False
As the angle between the two forces increases, the resultant force decreases, reaching a minimum when the forces are in line with each other and acting in directly opposite directions, when the angle between them becomes 180º. This is essentially a parallel system with one force positive and the other negative.
The vector producing rotation is the tangential force vector. Meanwhile, the vector producing compression or distraction is the normal force vector.
B) Both statements are false.
The vector producing rotation is the normal force vector. Meanwhile, the vector producing compression or distraction is the tangential force vector.
True or False: If a force vector is parallel to the body segment, then all of the force created by the resultant vector produces only rotation and does not produce any tangential force.
False
If a force vector is perpendicular to the body segment, then all of the force created by the resultant vector produces only rotation and does not produce any tangential force.
Theoretical point around which the mass of the object is balanced
D) Both
It is around this center that gravity acts.
A) Both
Which of the following is not true about center of mass?
B) None of these
Where is the center of gravity of the extended upper extremity?
A) Above elbow joint
Where is the center of gravity of the extended lower extremity?
C) Above knee joint
The arm, forearm, thigh, and leg are larger proximally, and thus their individual centers of gravity lie closer to the proximal end. This point is approximately 5/9 (55%) of the length of the segment, measured from the proximal end.
A) Only the first statement is true.
This point is approximately 4/9 (45%) of the length of the segment, measured from the proximal end.
The line of gravity falls:
D) Through dens
Remember:
Through dens (odontoid process)
Anterior antlantooccipital joint
Through cervical spine
Anterior to thoracic spine
Through lumbar spine
Posterior to hip joint
Anterior to knee joint
Anterior to ankle joint
Which of the following is not true about center of gravity?
D) Head: spheroid sinus
It should be head: sphenoid sinus.
Segment
Center of Gravity
Head
Sphenoid sinus
Head and neck
Basioocciput
Arm
Medial head of triceps
Forearm
Pronator teres
Hand
3rd metacarpal
Thigh
Adductor brevis
Leg
Popliteus
Foot
2nd metatarsal
The center of gravity of the head, arms, and trunk is located:
A) Just below the xiphoid process of sternum
The center of gravity of the head, arms, and trunk (head, neck, and trunk) is located anterior to the border of the 11th thoracic vertebra and just below the xiphoid process of the sternum.
Increased distance from the hip joint to the line of the center of gravity of HAT as forward inclination increases. This position requires increasingly more force in the back and hip extensors to support the weight of the trunk.
B) Both statements are true.
The center of gravity of the adult body in the anatomic position is:
B) Slightly anterior to the second sacral vertebra
The center of gravity of the adult body is approximately ___ of a person's height.
B) 55%
The center of gravity mark usually falls near the level of the:
D) Anterior-superior iliac spines
True or False: Center of gravity then to be higher in men than in women.
True
Center of gravity then to be higher in men than in women, because men tend to have broader shoulders, while women tend to have broader hips.
In the supine position, the abdominal muscles contract to stabilize the pelvis when the legs are raised. The resistance that the abdominal muscles must meet decreases by extending the lower extremities before raising.
C) Only the first statement is true.
The resistance that the abdominal muscles must meet decreases by flexing the lower extremities before raising; the resistance reduces even more by raising only one leg.
True or False: A change in the position of individual segments causes a change in the position of the center of gravity of the extremity and the body as a whole.
True
Rocking while sitting in a rocking chair
A) Stable equilibrium
If the center of gravity of a body is disturbed slightly and the body tends to return the center of gravity to its former position, the body is in stable equilibrium.
A person sitting on a narrow-based stool leans forward.
A) Unstable equilibrium
If the center of gravity does not return but seeks a new position, the body falls.
Rolling a ball
C) Neutral equilibrium
Neutral equilibrium occurs when the center of gravity is displaced, but it remains at the same level; that is, it neither falls nor return to its former position.
Person who is propelled in a wheelchair
A) Neutral equilibrium
Neutral equilibrium occurs when the center of gravity is displaced, but it remains at the same level; that is, it neither falls nor return to its former position.
The degree of stability of a body depends on the following factors, except:
D) Mass of body
It should be weight of body.
Stability is enhanced by all of the following, except:
C) Light weight
It should be heavy weight.
All of the following results to diminished stability, except:
C) Reduced mass
It should be reduced weight.
If an individual has a cast on the right leg:
C) Both of these
An individual with a leg amputation above the knee has:
A) Elevated and laterally adjusted COG
Carrying a suitcase on one arm will shift the COG to that side. To stop oneself from falling over to that side, the trunk should shift to the opposite side.
C) Both statements are true.
The person should shift his/her trunk to the opposite side so the combined weight of his/her body and the suitcase is within his/her base of support.
The direction of gravity is always going to be a vertically downward pull from the COM toward the center of the earth. This line of force is called the:
A) Line of gravity
A body is stable when the line of gravity runs through the center of its base of support.
Standing on one leg is more difficult because:
D) Both of these
When outside forces are delivered from a __________ direction, it is more difficult to maintain the LOG and COG over the BOS.
A) Lateral
All of the following individuals require a larger base of support, except:
A) Volleyball player
A volleyball player who must move quickly out of her base of support does not want a large base from which to move; movement must occur suddenly and in any direction, so the player must be ready. A large base of support for this player prolongs her time within her stable base and delays her response to meet the ball.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the head?
B) Over parietal fossa on or near nasion-inion line
It should be over the temporal fossa on or near nasion-inion line.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the head and neck?
C) None of these
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the arm?
B) 5 mm distal to distal end of deltoid insertion
It should be 5 mm proximal to distal end of deltoid insertion.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the forearm?
A) 9 mm posterior to interosseous membrane
It should be 9 mm anterior to interosseous membrane.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the hand?
D) On axis of metacarpal III, usually 2 mm deep to dorsal skin surface
It should be on axis of metacarpal III, usually 2 mm deep to volar skin surface.
Which of the following muscles is the approximate anatomic location of COG in the thigh?
A) All of these
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the thigh?
C) 18 mm distal to most proximal fibers of adductor brevis
It should be 18 mm proximal to most distal fibers of adductor brevis.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the leg?
D) 16 mm above distal end of Achilles tendon
It should be 16 mm above proximal end of Achilles tendon.
Which of the following does not describe the approximate anatomic location of COG in the foot?
B) Above proximal halves of second and third cuneiform bones
It should be below proximal halves of second and third cuneiform bones.
Bony landmark/s in the ankle which change/s the angle of pull of the long toe flexor tendons and tibialis posterior tendon
A) Medial malleolus
Bony landmark/s in the ankle which change/s the angle of pull of the peroneus longus and brevis tendons
D) Both
The quadriceps torque increases significantly because the patella moves the muscle's tendon away from the knee joint, thereby increasing the quadriceps' moment arm length. The quadriceps and patellar tendons not only improve the torque production of the quadriceps, but they also change the tendon's direction of pull as the knee extends.
B) Only the first statement is true.
The quadriceps and patellar tendons not only improve the torque production of the quadriceps, but they also change the tendon's direction of pull as the knee flexes.
For the same force of muscle contraction, the biceps brachii muscle produces the most torque at ___ of elbow flexion.
D) 90°
Which of the following is not true about Codman's pendulum exercises?
C) None of these
When the attachments of ligaments are farthest apart, the joint is in:
A) Close-packed position
Ligaments are stretched during close-packed position.
True about syndesmosis, except:
I. It is made up of fibrous connective tissue
II. An example of it is the inferior tibiofibular joint
III. One of its function is for shock absorption.
IV. It has very slight movement and is joined by interosseous membrane.
V. It is found between the radius and ulna.
A) None of these
True about Newton's laws of motion, except:
C) None of these
This type of muscle contraction stabilizes joints and produces force with no gross change in joint angle.
D) Isometric
The third-class levers are:
C) None of these
Third-class levers are levers that work at mechanical disadvantage but one of speed.
All of the following describe open-packed position, except:
D) The joint surfaces are congruent.
The joint surfaces are incongruent.
When a person ulnarly deviaties his wrist, the carpals on the radius will roll toward ___________ and will glide towards ____________.
B) Adduction; abduction
Remember the convex-concave principle.
Which of the following is not true about mechanical advantage?
C) None of these
When a muscle contracts isometrically to stabilize the origin of the agonist efficiently, it is considered as a:
A) Fixator
Ligament and capsular structures work as a system, interdependent and related to one another. Functional stability is provided by the following factors, except:
B) Active restraints by labrum
It should be passive restraints by labrum.
The following are examples of third-class levers, except:
A) The brachioradialis flexing the elbow.
The brachioradialis flexing the elbow is an example of a second-class lever, whereas the brachioradialis flexing the elbow to bring the cup to the mouth is an example of a third-class lever.
If a 40-kg force is applied over an area of 4 cm², the pressure is equal to:
A) 10
Pressure is equal to force over area.
All of the following describe the anatomical position, except:
D) Palms facing together
In anatomical position, the palms are facing forward. In fundamental position, the palms are facing together.
Which of the following describe a force couple?
C) None of these
A force couple involves two forces whose points of application occur on opposite sides of an axis and in opposite direction to produce rotation of the body.
A synovial joint is characterized by the following distinguishing features, except:
C) A hyaline cartilage rich in blood vessels
It should be a hyaline cartilage rich in collagen.
In a close-packed position:
B) None of these
In a close-packed position:
1. The joint is difficult to distract and mechanically compress.
2. Maximal surface contract occurs.
3. The ovoid joint surfaces are congruent.
The axis for subtalar abduction-adduction is:
D) Oblique
The subtalar joint moves in multiple planes.
The force at the pelvis in bilateral stance is an example of:
B) Second-class lever
The concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle on the leg-foot segment against the gravity and the weight boot serves a a typical example of:
C) Third-class lever
Concentric contraction is commonly seen in third-class levers.
A patient has LOM towards pronation at the proximal radioulnar joint. What should be your direction of joint mobilization?
D) Dorsal
The proximal radioulnar joint is the articulation between the convex radial head and the concave radial notch of ulna. In forearm motions, always remember that the radius always moves on the ulna. Applying the convex-concave principle, the radius will roll volarly and will glide dorsally during forearm pronation.
The following joints have one axis moving in the sagittal plane, except:
B) Atlantoaxial
The atlantoaxial joint has also one axis, but it moves in the transverse plane.
The shape of articulating surfaces of uni-axial joints are either:
B) Hinge or pivot
Type/s of muscle which is/are primarily for mobility
B) Spurt
Meanwhile, a shunt muscle is for stability.
OKC has an advantage of speed of motion as compared to CKC. On the other hand, CKC is more required in skilled movements than OKC.
B) Only the first statement is true.
OKC is more required in skilled movements than CKC.
Motion repeated in equal intervals of time (example: grandfather clock)
D) Periodic
Linear/translatory: motion that occurs along or parallel to the axis
Curvilinear: motion that follows a curved path
Rotatory or angular: motion that occurs around an axis
One point contact each surface remains in constant contact
C) Both
The following statements are true about force couple of the scapulothoracic joint, except:
B) Downward rotators include the levator scapulae, the rhomboids, and the pectoralis major.
Downward rotators include the levator scapulae, the rhomboids, and the pectoralis minor.
When a muscle is the principal agent in producing a desired movement, it is said to be a:
C) Prime mover
Prime mover is also known as agonist.
When weight is applied at a site intermediate between the fulcrum and the force to be moved, this lever classified as:
C) Second-class
Feedback information about kinematic and kinetic components of the movement being attempted by the patient
B) Knowledge of performance
The following statements describe close kinematic chain, except:
A) None of these
True or False: Terminal velocity is the maximum velocity attainable by an object as it falls.
True
The following are differences between CKC and OKC exercises, except:
A) In CKC, the distal segment is usually fixed to a supporting surface, and the resistance is applied proximally.
In CKC, the distal segment is usually fixed to a supporting surface, and the resistance may be applied both proximally and distally. In OKC, the distal segment is free to move, and the resistance is usually applied distally.
As the brachialis extends a flexed elbow by slowing the movement of extension which is performed by gravity, this muscle acts as a/an:
C) Agonist
Reference system maintains posture with respect to gravity
D) Geocentric
Reference frame provides spatial coordinates for limb and body segment positions
C) Egocentric
Power
D) Work / time
When a muscle contracts to eliminate some undesired movement that would otherwise be produced by the prime mover, it is said to be a:
B) Synergist
1st CMC flexion-extension occurs in this plane.
D) XY plane
XY plane is also known as frontal or coronal plane.
Force is applied at one end of the lever arm; the weight to be moved is at the other, and the fulcrum is at some point intermediate between the two, as exemplified by a see-saw
D) First-class lever
When the attachment of the ligaments are closest to each other, the joint is said to be in:
C) Open-packed position
Ligaments are lax during open/loose-packed position.
The point of resistance application lies between the force and the axis so that the lever of the force arm is always shorter than the lever of the resistance arm. This describes a:
D) None of these
In a second-class lever, the point of resistance application lies between the force and the axis so the lever of the resistance arm is always shorter than the lever of the force arm.
Forces at the hip when standing on one leg represents a:
B) First-class lever
Teeth and mandible
A) Gomphosis
Gomphosis is a type of synarthrodial joint.
The following are examples of close kinematic chain, except:
A) Walking
Walking is involves both open and close kinematic chain movements.
Motions such as supination and pronation of forearm while in 90° elbow flexion, just as simulating opening/closing of doorknob, occurs on which plane?
