DRN Performance

Thrust

Drag

Weight

• 1) Thrust (толчок) - power
• 2) Drag - friction
• 3) Weight - gravity
• 4) Lift

• Power
•    - forward force produced by propellers     ↤<

• Friction
•    - retarding force or friction     ↦<

• Gravity
•    - combined load of aircraft   ↧

- produced by dynamic effect   ↥

Density Altitude

• - pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature
• - altitude where your aircraft feels like it's flying

• altitude
• temperature
• humidity

• Pressure ↑
• Air Density ↑

• Density is directly proportional to pressure (constant t°)

• Temperature ↑
• Air Density ↓

• Humidity ↑
• Air Density ↓

• Pressure ↓
• Air Density ↓
• Density is directly proportional to pressure (constant t°)

• Temperature ↓
• Air Density ↑

• Humidity ↓
• Air Density ↑

• International Standard Atmosphere
• Standard sea level pressure = 29.92 "Hg
• Standard temperature = 59 °F (15 °C)

59 °F (15 °C)

• 29.92 "Hg (inches of mercury)
• 1,013.2 mb (millibars)

Absolute Altitude

True Altitude

• Indicated Altitude (MSL)
•    - same as True Altitude

Pressure Altitude

Convective Currents

The height an object is at above ground level AGL

The height an object is at above sea level MSL

The height or altitude your altimeter displays (MSL - same as True Altitude)

The Indicated Altitude when the barometric pressure scale is set to 29.92 inHg (does not determine temperature)

Small areas of local circulations created by uneven heating of the air (rocks, sand vs lake, trees)

34 mb

1 "Hg for every 1,000 feet of elevation

29.92 "Hg = 24.92 "Hg + 5 "Hg

22.92 "Hg = 29.92 "Hg + 7 "Hg

Low-Level Wind Shear

- sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a very small area

Adiabatic Heating and Cooling

Microburst

Microburst

Cloud Base AGL = (Temp - Dew) ÷ 4.4 x 1,000

• Air
• - rises - expends - cools
• - descends - compress - warm

• - convective precipitation into dry air at cloud base.
• - can cost Low-Level Wind Shear
• 

(Temp - Dew) ÷ 4.4 x 1,000 = Cloud Base AGL

• 75 - 70 = 5
• 5 ÷ 4.4 = 1.14
• 1.14 x 1,000 = 1,140' AGL

Stable atmosphere

Unstable atmosphere

• - small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear
• - makes vertical movement difficult

small vertical air movements tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent

Front

1) When warm air moves over a cold surface, the air temperature drops and reaches the saturation point.

2) When cold air and warm air mix.

3) When air cools at night through contact with the cooler ground, air reaches its saturation point.

4) When air is lifted or is forced upward in the atmosphere

- zone between two different air masses

CG - Center of Gravity

CP - Center of Pressure

Stability

Maneuverability

• 1) Cumulus
• 2) Mature
• 3) Dissipating

Controllability

• Center of Gravity
•    - point at which all the weight of the aircraft is concentrated (aircraft is balanced)

• Center of Pressure
•    - aerodynamic forces of lift occur at the CP

nose down

nose up

- inherent quality of an aircraft to correct for conditions that may disturb its equilibrium

- quality of an aircraft that permits it to be maneuvered easily and to withstand the stresses imposed by maneuvers

- capability of an aircraft to respond to the pilot’s control

- total load on an aircraft’s structure is 3 times its weight

- aircraft’s Stalling Speed (SS) increases in proportion to the square root of the Load Factor (LF)

SS2 = SS1 x √LF

• SS2 = 50 x √4 = 100
• SS2 = 100 knots

6 Gs at 80°

- as specified in Pilots Operating Handbook (UAS Flight Manual) from faa.gov

• 1) Anti-authority - Do not tell me
• 2) Impulsivity - Do it quickly
• 3) Invulnerability - It won't happen to me
• 4) Macho - I can do it. I will show them
• 5) Resignation - What's the use?

Anti-authority

Anti-authority

- Follow the rules, they are usually right

Anti-authority Antidote

• - Do not tell me
• - do not like anyone telling them what to do
• - Follow the rules, they are usually right

Impulsivity

Impulsivity

Impulsivity Antidote

- Not so fast. Think first

• - Do it quickly
• - feeling the need to do something immediately
• - Not so fast. Think first

Invulnerability

Invulnerability

Invulnerability Antidote

- It could happen to me

• - It won't happen to me
• - accidents happen to other, but never to them
• - It could happen to me

Macho

Macho

Macho Antidote

Taking chances is foolish

• - I can do it. I will show them
• - trying to prove that they are better than anyone else
• - Taking chances is foolish

Resignation

Resignation

Resignation Antidote

I am not hopeless. I can make a different

• - What's the use?
• - do not see themself as being able to make a great deal (it a good luck)
• - I am not hopeless. I can make a different

2-3 sec

Part of the Mitigating Risk

• Check List
•    - P - Pilot-in-comand
•    - A - Aircraft
•    - V - enVironment
•    - E - External Pressure

Part of the Mitigating Risk

• - D - Detect
• - E - Estimate
• - C - Choose
• - I - Identify
• - D - Do... take action
• - E - Evaluate

• PAVE Check List
•    - P - Pilot-in-comand
•    - A - Aircraft
•    - V - enVironment
•    - E - External Pressure

• DECIDE
•    - D - Detect
•    - E - Estimate
•    - C - Choose
•    - I - Identify
•    - D - Do... take action
•    - E - Evaluate

• - 30° around the object
• - to avoid night vision limitation duration of each pause should be no longer than 2-3 sec
• - moving eyes clockwise overlapping by 10° (Off Center viewing)

• - responsible for color
• - concentrated directly in the center
• - works better in high-light

• - unable to discern color
• - concentrated out of center
• - very sensitive at low-light and detecting movement
• - easily overwhelmed by light

rods

cones

rods

rods

cones

• Green light on the RIGHT side of helicopter
• 

• Red light on the LEFT side of helicopter
•