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Myofilament contraction
myosin head attaches to actin through chemical binding
myosin head flexes backwards and inwards a few nanometres
uses ATP to reset the myosin head, reposition it from the actin before each flex
myosin attaches further along the actin, continues to move the actin further and further
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Tropomyosin
gatekeeper of actin so that myosin cannot bind to actin
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Calcium ions
physically moves tropomyosin so that myosin can bind
binds to troponin, which is attached to the tropomyosin; the troponin-tropomyosin structure moves, allowing myosin the bind to actin
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium storehouse
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Creatine phosphate
- 100% natural
- your body naturally makes this
- creatine phosphate + adenosine diphosphate (ADP) -> creatine + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- #1, first source of energy for muscles
- happening in muscle tissue
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Creatine supplements
increases muscle stores of creatine
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Aerobic cellular respiration
- glucose + oxygen + ADP -> carbon dioxide + water +ATP
- myoglobin - oxygen carrying muscle
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shivering
gain ATP, become warmer
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Lactate fermentation
- a.k.a. anaerobic respiration (not requiring air)
- buildup of lactate makes sarcoplasm more acidic
- results in oxygen deficiency, also denaturation of enzymes
- glucose + ADP -> lactate + ATP
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Oxygen debt
- panting
- oxygen flushing out lactic acid
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Latent period
time it takes for electricity to go from brain to muscle
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Contraction period
when muscle contracts
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Relaxation period
muscle returning to original length
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Slow twitch fibres
- red bc of myoglobin
- get energy aerobically
- lots of mitochondria and blood vessels
- make a lot of ATP, get a lot of oxygen
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Fast twitch fibres
- energy anaerobically
- creatine and lactate
- can fatigue quickly if lactate accumulates
- rich in glycogen, little mitochondria, blood vessels
- light in colour because little myoglobin
- different fibres fire at different voltages
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Atrophy
lose function of muscles
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Hypertrophy
exercise induced increase in muscle mass
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Muscular dystrophy
skeletal muscles degenerate, replaced by fatty tissue that impedes circulation
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Botulism
muscular paralysis caused by ingestion of clostridium botulinum
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Tetanus
muscular paralysis, caused by clostridium tetani
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Contracture
muscle shortening caused by scar tissue
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