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Stages of Respiration
1. breathing: inspiration (breathing in), expiration (breathing out)
2. external respiration: transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide between air, blood; occurs in alveoli
3. internal respiration: oxygen, carbon dioxide exchange between tissues and blood
4. cellular respiration: series of ATP releasing chemical reactions, take place inside of cells
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Trachea
air tube supported by cartilage, NO MUSCLE
mucous, cilia cells
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Ciliated cells
remove gunk and unwanted stuff
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Phlegm
mucous produced by ciliated cells
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Right lung/left lung
3 parts: superior, middle, inferior lobes
left lung only has 2 lobes: superior, inferior lobes so as to not crush the heart
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Pleural membrane
- connects lungs to thoracic (chest) cavity
- allows lungs to expand/contract with movement of chest
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Bronchi
2 pathways supported by cartilage, connecting lungs and trachea
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Bronchioles
smaller tubes branching off of bronchi
muscle lining for contraction
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Alveoli
- tiny sacs
- one cell thick
- CO2, O2 exchanged via diffusion
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Breathing controlled by
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles (muscles between ribs)
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Inhalation
- diaphragm/intercostal muscles contract
- rib cage moves upward, diaphragm moves downward
- thoracic cavity volume increases -> pressure decreases -> air moves into lungs
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Exhalation
diaphragm/intercostal muscles relax
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Spirometer/Spirograph
measures amount of air moving in/out of lungs
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Concentration gradient
- moves carbon dioxide out of capillaries
- moves oxygen into capillaries
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Pneumonia
alveoli fill with fluid
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Pneumothorax
collapsed lung, air builds up in the space between the two membranes of the pleura
caused by a leak in the lungs or a leak in the chest wall
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Asthma
- bronchi/bronchioles imflaming
- mucous produced
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