Body Systems Bio 20 AP Carbohydrates

All the chemical reactions in cells. All living things have a metabolism. There are two types: Catabolic & Anabolic.

Large chemicals broken down into smaller ones.

Complex chemicals built from smaller ones.

Molecules/compounds in water dissociate into their ions. Whether there are more H+ or OH- ions determines if it is acidic or basic.

The pH is less than 7 and the substance dissociates into more H+ ions than OH- ions. On blue litmus paper, an acid appears red.

The pH is greater than 7 and the substance dissociates into more OH- ions than H+ ions. On red litmus paper, a base appears blue.

The pH equals 7. Putting an acid and a base together neutralizes the substances and yields water and a salt.

• Inorganic molecules - No Carbon
•      Vitamins and Minerals
•      Water 

• Organic molecules - Contain Carbon
•      Carbohydrates
•      Proteins
•      Nucleic Acids
•      Lipids (fats)

ATP. ATP is used during any sort of movement, with some exceptions (passive transport, diffusion).

• A single molecule or "building block" that can react with other monomers.                       
•  

• Multiple monomers that have come together to form a larger chemical compound.

The main energy source and is essentially sugar; anything that is not burned is stored as glycogen, which is the precursor to fat. There are three types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

1 sugar unit. It is a simple sugar.

A polymer of 2 sugar units. It is a simple sugar.

3 or more sugar units. It is a complex sugar.

• - End in "ose"
• - Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (C6H12O6). 

• Simple sugars include... 
• - Monosaccharides (Glucose, Fructose, & Ribose)
• - Disaccharides (Sucrose, Maltose, & Lactose)

• Complex sugars include...
• - Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose, & Glycogen)

A monomer of a sugar unit. Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, & Galactose are monosaccharides. Glucose and Fructose are also isomers.

• Chemicals that have the same chemical formula, but a different physical arrangement of molecules. 
• - Glucose and Fructose are isomers
• - Starch, Cellulose, & Glycogen are isomers

Two monosaccharides put together through dehydration synthesis.

Glucose + Galactose (monosaccharides) makes Lactose (disaccharide) through dehydration synthesis.

Glucose + Glucose (monosaccharides) makes Maltose (disaccharide) through dehydration synthesis.

• Glucose + Fructose --------> Sucrose + {water} waste product
•                              enzyme          } dehydration synthesis
•  
• Sucrose + water ----------> Glucose + Fructose 
•                           enzyme                } hydrolysis

• Removing water to make a bond

• Using water to break a bond

• Many monosaccharides put together. 
• Starch, Cellulose, & Glycogen are polysaccharides.

Plant storage for carbs is the polysaccharide, starch. Its isomers are cellulose and glycogen. It can be digested and broken down by humans, but not as easily as glycogen. It can be found in foods like potatoes, and has a loop sort of structure. (See diagrams on slide 13)

A plant structure is made out of the polysaccharide, cellulose. Its isomers are starch and glycogen. It can not be digested or broken down by humans and instead helps clean out excess poop in your colon/intestine. It can be found in foods like celery, and has a woven structure. (See diagrams on slide 13)

In animals, excess glucose gets converted into glycogen, which is the precursor to fat. Glycogen's isomers are starch and cellulose. It is stored in the liver and can be easily broken down by humans. It has the structure of a fan. (See diagrams on slide 13)

A polysaccharide, like starch, is broken in to a disaccharide through the process of hydrolysis. Then, the disaccharide is once again broken down via hydrolysis into a monosaccharide. These monosaccharides can now easily be absorbed through the intestinal walls via active transport and ATP and make its way into the blood stream.  (See carb digestion notes for diagram)