Bio 104 test 3

• Single cell that can grow into a mature individual without fusing with another cell 
• Asexual
• Spread by wind, water or animals

• Structure that produces spores
• The sporangia of complex fungi are called fruiting bodies

• Chytridiomycota
• Zygomycota
• Glomeromycota
• Ascomycota
• Basidiomycota

Eukaryotes

• Spherical- occur single, in two's, or long chains/clumps
• Rod-shaped- Occur in single rods or long chains
• Spirals- can be comma shaped

• Retains stain inside peptidoglycan layer
• More susceptible to antibiotics

• Does not retain stain, peptidoglycan is located between two cell layers and it much thinner than in Gram positive
• Less susceptible to antibiotics

Genes are passed from individual to individual without sexual reproduction (not offspring)

Genes are passed from parent to offspring

• Mutualism- both parties benefit
• Commensalism- one party benefits, but the other is not benefited or harmed
• Parasitism- one party benefits, the other is harmed

• Communities of organisms on all aquatic surfaces 
• In hospitals, this includes anything that is going into the body

• Some decompose dead organic wastes
• Nitrogen fixing bacteria transform atmospheric Nitrogen into something useable 
• Rhizobial bacteria fix Nitrogen in nodules and have a mutualistic relationship with legumes 
• Cyanobacteria fix huge amounts of CO2 into organic molecules via photosynthesis

• How a specific pathogen causes specific disease symptoms
• 1. Pathogen must be present in every individual with those symptoms
• 2. Smple of microorganism from host can be grown in pure culture
• 3. Same of microorganism causes same infection when injected into a healthy host
• 4. Microorganism can be recovered from experimentally infected host

• Strong poison that leaks out of bacteria when the cell is destroyed 
• Can be inactivated by heating

• Released from cell walls of dead Gram - bacteria 
• Bind to the hosts microphages, affects the whole body, and cannot be killed with heating

No

• Inhibit development of cell walls
• Inhibit protein synthesis
• Inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids
• Disrupt plasma membrane

• Gene isolation is not as important
• Lateral gene transfer
• Nucleotide based
• Evolution comes from lateral gene transfer and mutation

• Bacteria
• Can survive harsh, adverse environments
• When the environment becomes better, the endospore form an active cell
• Responsible for diseases like anthrax, gangrene, and tetanus

Transformation, transduction, conjugation

One bacteria picks up fragmented DNA from another, they exchange DNA, and it results in a recombinant cell

• Phage (virus that infects bacteria) carry bacterial genes from one bacterial cell to another 
• Chromosome of new host then has it's own DNA, and the DNA of the other cell

• 2 cells of different mating types come together and genetic material is transferred via a sex pili 
• F+ extends sex pilus, plasmid in F+ reproduces by mitosis, and then is transferred via the pilus to F-

• Obtain energy from the sun, and carbon from inorganic sources 
• Ex. cyanobacteria

Obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemical substances like NH3 and H2S, and carbon from inorganic compounds

Obtain energy from the sun and carbon from other organisms

• Obtain energy and carbon from other organisms 
• Ex. decomposers that need organic material to survive