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Defined as reasoning from the specific to the general

Present a sufficient number of cases (examples)

Cases (examples must not be atypical; they must be representative

Reinforce the reasoning with additional support (statistics and/or testimony)

Draw ou the conclusion from the cases (examples)

Defined as reasoning from teh general to the specific

Present the genreal principle (major premise)

Present the specific case (minor premise)

Draw out the conclusion

Draw out the conclusion

In needed support the general principle first

Defined as establishing the relationsip between causes and effects

In many cases, do not assume that effects have only one cause

avoid attributing a false cause to an effect

A comparison between two similar cases to argue what is true for the first case is true for the second case

Make sure the two cases are essentially alike

The more points of similarity between the two cases, the stronger the reasoning

A symptom or outward mark of the condition of some state that can't be directly observed based on medical and legal models

based on medical and legal models

sign easoning typically requires more than one sign; the strength of the reasoning depends on cumulative signs